Summary
Minimally invasive surgery is standard procedure for many operations. Further refinements include the introduction of robotic surgery which is still an emerging field especially in laparoscopic surgery. Since the successful introduction of the da Vinci Robotic Surgical System, the robotic approach in organ transplantation has become of great interest in both the live donor organ retrieval and the recipient operation. Robotic surgery for kidney, liver, and pancreas transplantation is feasible. Over 700 donor nephrectomies and 100 kidney transplantations have been performed already, and robotic surgery is standard in a small number of pioneer centers; however, larger series and most importantly randomized controlled trials for the highest evidence are needed. Longer warm ischemia time and higher costs limit these procedures at the moment.
References
1.
Giulianotti PC, Coratti A, Angelini M, Sbrana F, Cecconi S, Balestracci T, Caravaglios G: Robotics in general surgery: personal experience in a large community hospital. Arch Surg 2003;138:777-784.
2.
Chen PD, Wu CY, Hu RH, Ho CM, Lee PH, Lai HS, Lin MT, Wu YM: Robotic liver donor right hepatectomy: a pure, minimally invasive approach. Liver Transpl 2016;22:1509-1518.
3.
Rosales A, Salvador JT, Urdaneta G, Patino D, Montlleo M, Esquena S, Caffaratti J, Ponce de Leon J, Guirado L, Villavicencio H: Laparoscopic kidney transplantation. Eur Urol 2010;57:164-167.
4.
Tzvetanov I, Bejarano-Pineda L, Giulianotti PC, Jeon H, Garcia-Roca R, Bianco F, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E: State of the art of robotic surgery in organ transplantation. World J Surg 2013;37:2791-2799.
5.
Ratner LE, Ciseck LJ, Moore RG, Cigarroa FG, Kaufman HS, Kavoussi LR: Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy. Transplantation 1995;60:1047-1049.
6.
Gruessner RW, Kandaswamy R, Denny R: Laparoscopic simultaneous nephrectomy and distal pancreatectomy from a live donor. J Am Coll Surg 2001;193:333-337.
7.
Soubrane O, de Rougemont O, Kim KH, Samstein B, Mamode N, Boillot O, Troisi RI, Scatton O, Cauchy F, Lee SG, Griesemer A, Ahmed Z, Clavien PA, Cherqui D: Laparoscopic living donor left lateral sectionectomy: a new standard practice for donor hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2015;262:757-761; discussion 761-763.
8.
Levi Sandri GB, de Werra E, Masciana G, Guerra F, Spoletini G, Lai Q: The use of robotic surgery in abdominal organ transplantation: a literature review. Clin Transplant 2017;31:DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12856.
9.
Janki S, Klop KWJ, Hagen SM, Terkivatan T, Betjes MGH, Tran TCK, Ijzermans JNM: Robotic surgery rapidly and successfully implemented in a high volume laparoscopic center on living kidney donation. Int J Med Robot 2017;13:10.
10.
Horvat LD, Shariff SZ, Garg AX; Donor Nephrectomy Outcomes Research (DONOR) Network: Global trends in the rates of living kidney donation. Kidney Int 2009;75:1088-1098.
11.
Wagenaar S, Nederhoed JH, Hoksbergen AWJ, Bonjer HJ, Wisselink W, van Ramshorst GH: Minimally invasive, laparoscopic, and robotic-assisted techniques versus open techniques for kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2017;72:205-217.
12.
Fonouni H, Mehrabi A, Golriz M, Zeier M, Muller-Stich BP, Schemmer P, Werner J: Comparison of the laparoscopic versus open live donor nephrectomy: an overview of surgical complications and outcome. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2014;399:543-551.
13.
Greco F, Hoda MR, Alcaraz A, Bachmann A, Hakenberg OW, Fornara P: Laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy: analysis of the existing literature. Eur Urol 2010;58:498-509.
14.
Dols LF, Kok NF, Ijzermans JN: Live donor nephrectomy: a review of evidence for surgical techniques. Transpl Int 2010;23:121-130.
15.
Kok NF, Lind MY, Hansson BM, Pilzecker D, Mertens zur Borg IR, Knipscheer BC, Hazebroek EJ, Dooper IM, Weimar W, Hop WC, Adang EM, van der Wilt GJ, Bonjer HJ, van der Vliet JA, Ijzermans JN: Comparison of laparoscopic and mini incision open donor nephrectomy: single blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ 2006;333:221.
16.
Dols LF, Kok NF, d'Ancona FC, Klop KW, Tran TC, Langenhuijsen JF, Terkivatan T, Dor FJ, Weimar W, Dooper IM, Ijzermans JN: Randomized controlled trial comparing hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic versus standard laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Transplantation 2014;97:161-167.
17.
Horgan S, Galvani C, Gorodner MV, Jacobsen GR, Moser F, Manzelli A, Oberholzer J, Fisichella MP, Bogetti D, Testa G, Sankary HN, Benedetti E: Effect of robotic assistance on the ‘learning curve' for laparoscopic hand-assisted donor nephrectomy. Surg Endosc 2007;21:1512-1517.
18.
Renoult E, Hubert J, Ladriere M, Billaut N, Mourey E, Feuillu B, Kessler M: Robot-assisted laparoscopic and open live-donor nephrectomy: a comparison of donor morbidity and early renal allograft outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:472-477.
19.
Liu XS, Narins HW, Maley WR, Frank AM, Lallas CD: Robotic-assistance does not enhance standard laparoscopic technique for right-sided donor nephrectomy. JSLS 2012;16:202-207.
20.
Giacomoni A, Di Sandro S, Lauterio A, Mangoni I, Mihaylov P, Concone G, Tripepi M, Poli C, Cusumano C, De Carlis L: Initial experience with robot-assisted nephrectomy for living-donor kidney transplantation: feasibility and technical notes. Transplant Proc 2013;45:2627-2631.
21.
Galvani CA, Garza U, Leeds M, Kaul A, Echeverria A, Desai CS, Jie T, Diana R, Gruessner RW: Single-incision robotic-assisted living donor nephrectomy: case report and description of surgical technique. Transpl Int 2012;25:e89-92.
22.
Bhattu AS, Ganpule A, Sabnis RB, Murali V, Mishra S, Desai M: Robot-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy vs standard laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a prospective randomized comparative study. J Endourol 2015;29:1334-1340.
23.
Marzouk K, Lawen J, Alwayn I, Kiberd BA: The impact of vascular anastomosis time on early kidney transplant outcomes. Transplant Res 2013;2:8.
24.
Weissenbacher A, Oberhuber R, Cardini B, Weiss S, Ulmer H, Bosmuller C, Schneeberger S, Pratschke J, Ollinger R: The faster the better: anastomosis time influences patient survival after deceased donor kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 2015;28:535-543.
25.
Menon M, Sood A, Bhandari M, Kher V, Ghosh P, Abaza R, Jeong W, Ghani KR, Kumar RK, Modi P, Ahlawat R: Robotic kidney transplantation with regional hypothermia: a step-by-step description of the Vattikuti Urology Institute-Medanta technique (IDEAL phase 2a). Eur Urol 2014;65:991-1000.
26.
Hoznek A, Zaki SK, Samadi DB, Salomon L, Lobontiu A, Lang P, Abbou CC: Robotic assisted kidney transplantation: an initial experience. J Urol 2002;167:1604-1606.
27.
Giulianotti P, Gorodner V, Sbrana F, Tzvetanov I, Jeon H, Bianco F, Kinzer K, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E: Robotic transabdominal kidney transplantation in a morbidly obese patient. Am J Transplant 2010;10:1478-1482.
28.
Boggi U, Vistoli F, Signori S, D'Imporzano S, Amorese G, Consani G, Guarracino F, Melfi F, Mussi A, Mosca F: Robotic renal transplantation: first European case. Transpl Int 2011;24:213-218.
29.
Tsai MK, Lee CY, Yang CY, Yeh CC, Hu RH, Lai HS: Robot-assisted renal transplantation in the retroperitoneum. Transpl Int 2014;27:452-457.
30.
Breda A, Territo A, Gausa L, Rodriguez-Faba O, Caffaratti J, de Leon JP, Guirado L, Facundo C, Guazzieri M, Guttilla A, Villavicencio H: Robotic kidney transplantation: one year after the beginning. World J Urol 2017;35:1507-1515.
31.
Laplace B, Ladriere M, Claudon M, Eschwege P, Kessler M, Hubert J: Robotic assisted laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy: preoperative assessment and results of 100 cases. Prog Urol 2014;24:288-293.
32.
Lynch RJ, Ranney DN, Shijie C, Lee DS, Samala N, Englesbe MJ: Obesity, surgical site infection, and outcome following renal transplantation. Ann Surg 2009;250:1014-1020.
33.
Garcia-Roca R, Garcia-Aroz S, Tzvetanov I, Jeon H, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E: Single center experience with robotic kidney transplantation for recipients with BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater: a comparison with the UNOS Registry. Transplantation 2017;101:191-196.
34.
Oberholzer J, Giulianotti P, Danielson KK, Spaggiari M, Bejarano-Pineda L, Bianco F, Tzvetanov I, Ayloo S, Jeon H, Garcia-Roca R, Thielke J, Tang I, Akkina S, Becker B, Kinzer K, Patel A, Benedetti E: Minimally invasive robotic kidney transplantation for obese patients previously denied access to transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013;13:721-728.
35.
Orvieto MA, Chien GW, Shalhav AL, Tolhurst SR, Rapp DE, Galocy RM, Harland RC: Case report: robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloureterostomy in a transplanted kidney with ureteral stricture. J Endourol 2006; 20:31-32.
36.
Kaouk JH, Spana G, Hillyer SP, White MA, Haber GP, Goldfarb D: Robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for a 7-cm mass in a renal allograft. Am J Transplant 2011;11:2242-2246.
37.
Mulloy MR, Tan M, Wolf JH, D'Annunzio SH, Pollinger HS: Robotic trans-abdominal transplant nephrectomy for a failed renal allograft. Am J Transplant 2014;14:2883-2886.
38.
Polcari AJ, Allen JC, Nunez-Nateras R, Mmeje CO, Andrews PE, Milner JE, Castle EP, Woods ME: Multicenter experience with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in renal transplant recipients. Urology 2012;80:1267-1272.
39.
Ninomiya M, Shirabe K, Facciuto ME, Schwartz ME, Florman SS, Yoshizumi T, Harimoto N, Ikegami T, Uchiyama H, Maehara Y: Comparative study of living and deceased donor liver transplantation as a treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2015;220:297-304.e3.
40.
Kim SH, Kim YK: Improving outcomes of living-donor right hepatectomy. Br J Surg 2013;100:528-534.
41.
Abecassis MM, Fisher RA, Olthoff KM, Freise CE, Rodrigo DR, Samstein B, Kam I, Merion RM; A2ALL Study Group: Complications of living donor hepatic lobectomy - a comprehensive report. Am J Transplant 2012;12:1208-1217.
42.
Tsung A, Geller DA, Sukato DC, Sabbaghian S, Tohme S, Steel J, Marsh W, Reddy SK, Bartlett DL: Robotic versus laparoscopic hepatectomy: a matched comparison. Ann Surg 2014;259:549-555.
43.
Giulianotti PC, Tzvetanov I, Jeon H, Bianco F, Spaggiari M, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E: Robot-assisted right lobe donor hepatectomy. Transpl Int 2012;25:e5-9.
44.
Giulianotti PC, Bianco FM, Daskalaki D, Gonzalez-Ciccarelli LF, Kim J, Benedetti E: Robotic liver surgery: technical aspects and review of the literature. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2016;5:311-321.
45.
Daskalaki D, Gonzalez-Heredia R, Brown M, Bianco FM, Tzvetanov I, Davis M, Kim J, Benedetti E, Giulianotti PC: Financial impact of the robotic approach in liver surgery: a comparative study of clinical outcomes and costs between the robotic and open technique in a single institution. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2017;27:375-382.
46.
Tzvetanov I, D'Amico G, Bejarano-Pineda L, Benedetti E: Robotic-assisted pancreas transplantation: where are we today? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2014;19:80-82.
47.
Banga N, Hadjianastassiou VG, Mamode N, Calder F, Olsburgh J, Drage M, Sammartino C, Koffman G, Taylor J: Outcome of surgical complications following simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:1658-1663.
48.
Kirchner VA, Finger EB, Bellin MD, Dunn TB, Gruessner RW, Hering BJ, Humar A, Kukla AK, Matas AJ, Pruett TL, Sutherland DE, Kandaswamy R: Long-term outcomes for living pancreas donors in the modern era. Transplantation 2016;100:1322-1328.
49.
Horgan S, Galvani C, Gorodner V, Bareato U, Panaro F, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E: Robotic distal pancreatectomy and nephrectomy for living donor pancreas-kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2007;84:934-936.
50.
Sutherland DE, Gruessner RW, Dunn DL, Matas AJ, Humar A, Kandaswamy R, Mauer SM, Kennedy WR, Goetz FC, Robertson RP, Gruessner AC, Najarian JS: Lessons learned from more than 1,000 pancreas transplants at a single institution. Ann Surg 2001;233:463-501.
51.
Boggi U, Signori S, Vistoli F, Amorese G, Consani G, De Lio N, Perrone V, Croce C, Marchetti P, Cantarovich D, Mosca F: Current perspectives on laparoscopic robot-assisted pancreas and pancreas-kidney transplantation. Rev Diabet Stud 2011;8:28-34.
52.
Boggi U, Signori S, Vistoli F, D'Imporzano S, Amorese G, Consani G, Guarracino F, Marchetti P, Focosi D, Mosca F: Laparoscopic robot-assisted pancreas transplantation: first world experience. Transplantation 2012;93:201-206.
53.
Yeh CC, Spaggiari M, Tzvetanov I, Oberholzer J: Robotic pancreas transplantation in a type 1 diabetic patient with morbid obesity: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e5847.
54.
Fridell JA, Shah A, Milgrom ML, Goggins WC, Leapman SB, Pescovitz MD: Ipsilateral placement of simultaneous pancreas and kidney allografts. Transplantation 2004;78:1074-1076.
55.
Oberholzer J, Tzvetanov I, Mele A, Benedetti E: Laparoscopic and robotic donor pancreatectomy for living donor pancreas and pancreas-kidney transplantation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2010;17:97-100.
56.
Diamantis T, Tsiminikakis N, Skordylaki A, Samiotaki F, Vernadakis S, Bongiorni C, Tsagarakis N, Marikakis F, Bramis I, Bastounis E: Alterations of hemostasis after laparoscopic and open surgery. Hematology 2007;12:561-570.
57.
Navarro AP, Sohrabi S, Colechin E, Griffiths C, Talbot D, Soomro NA: Evaluation of the ischemic protection efficacy of a laparoscopic renal cooling device using renal transplantation viability assessment criteria in a porcine model. J Urol 2008;179:1184-1189.
58.
Territo A, Mottrie A, Abaza R, Rogers C, Menon M, Bhandari M, Ahlawat R, Breda A: Robotic kidney transplantation: current status and future perspectives. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2017;69:5-13.
59.
Abaza R, Ghani KR, Sood A, Ahlawat R, Kumar RK, Jeong W, Bhandari M, Kher V, Menon M: Robotic kidney transplantation with intraoperative regional hypothermia. BJU Int 2014;113:679-681.
60.
Breda A, Territo A, Gausa L, Tugcu V, Alcaraz A, Musquera M, Decaestecker K, Desender L, Stockle M, Janssen M, Fornara P, Mohammed N, Siena G, Serni S, Guirado L, Facundo C, Doumerc N: Robot-assisted kidney transplantation: the European experience. Eur Urol 2018;73:273-281.
61.
Cohen AJ, Williams DS, Bohorquez H, Bruce DS, Carmody IC, Reichman T, Loss GE Jr: Robotic-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: decreasing length of stay. Ochsner J 2015;15:19-24.
62.
Gordon ZN, Angell J, Abaza R: Completely intracorporeal robotic renal autotransplantation. J Urol 2014;192:1516-1522.
63.
Gorodner V, Horgan S, Galvani C, Manzelli A, Oberholzer J, Sankary H, Testa G, Benedetti E: Routine left robotic-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is safe and effective regardless of the presence of vascular anomalies. Transpl Int 2006;19:636-640.
64.
Hubert J, Siemer S: Nephrectomy, donor nephrectomy, and partial kidney resection: indications for robot-assisted renal surgery. Urologe A 2008;47:425-426, 428-430.
65.
Janki S, Dor FJ, IJzermans JN: Surgical aspects of live kidney donation: an updated review. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2015;7:346-365.
66.
Louis G, Hubert J, Ladriere M, Frimat L, Kessler M: Robotic-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy for kidney transplantation. An evaluation of 35 procedures. Nephrol Ther 2009;5:623-630.
67.
Meier RPH, Piller V, Hagen ME, Joliat C, Buchs JB, Nastasi A, Ruttimann R, Buchs NC, Moll S, Vallee JP, Lazeyras F, Morel P, Buhler L: Intra-abdominal cooling system limits ischemia-reperfusion injury during robot-assisted renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2018;18:53-62.
68.
Sood A, Ghosh P, Menon M, Jeong W, Bhandari M, Ahlawat R: Robotic renal transplantation: current status. J Minim Access Surg 2015;11:35-39.
69.
Sood A, McCulloch P, Dahm P, Ahlawat R, Jeong W, Bhandari M, Menon M: Ontogeny of a surgical technique: robotic kidney transplantation with regional hypothermia. Int J Surg 2016;25:158-161.
70.
Sood A, Jeong W, Ahlawat R, Abdollah F, Sammon JD, Bhandari M, Menon M: Minimally invasive renal autotransplantation. J Surg Oncol 2015;112:717-722.
71.
Wu G, Li Q, Zhao Q, Wang W, Shi H, Wang M, Zheng J, Li M, Fan D: Robotic-assisted live donor ileal segmentectomy for intestinal transplantation. Transplant Direct 2017;3:e215.
© 2018 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
2018
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
