Depressive Störungen sind mit einem erhöhten Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen verbunden. Metaanalysen zeigen, dass auch bei Personen mit einer Major Depression ohne kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen biologische Risikofaktoren kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen vorliegen. Hierzu zählen insbesondere (i) autonome Dysregulationen, indiziert durch eine herabgesetzte Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) und (ii) erhöhte Blutkonzentrationen von an Entzündungsreaktionen beteiligten Immunmarkern (d.h. C-reaktives Protein, Interleukin (IL)-6 und Tumornekrosefaktor (TNF)-α). Obwohl diese biologischen Faktoren partiell durch behaviorale und kognitiv-affektive Prozesse beeinflussbar sind, werden sie in der Psychotherapieforschung wenig berücksichtigt. Im Rahmen dieser systematischen Übersichtsarbeit gehen wir der Frage nach, ob durch kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) Parameter des Immunsystems und die HRV bei Personen mit einer Major Depression positiv beeinflusst werden können. In Bezug auf die HRV wurden 2 randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) und eine quasi-randomisierte Studie extrahiert. Bezüglich der proinflammatorischen Immunmarker lagen 3 RCTs, eine nichtrandomisierte Studie und 2 Prä-Post-Studien vor. Zusammenfassend kann aufgrund der geringen Anzahl publizierter Studien und methodischer Einschränkungen nicht eindeutig geschlussfolgert werden, ob und unter welchen Umständen bei einer Major Depression im Rahmen der KVT mit einer Verbesserung der HRV oder des immunologischen Status zu rechnen ist. Bei unmedizierten Patientengruppen ergaben sich Hinweise auf positive immunologische Interventionseffekte in Form einer Reduktion von IL-6 und TNF-α. Empfehlungen für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten werden abgeleitet.

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