Obwohl pathologisches Kaufen ein seit mehr als 100 Jahren bekanntes Phänomen darstellt, ist das Störungsbild noch nicht als eigenständige Erkrankung anerkannt. Laut einer Meta-Analyse zeigen 5% der erwachsenen Allgemeinbevölkerung eine Neigung zu pathologischem Kaufen. Das Störungsbild ist geprägt von einem unwiderstehlichen Kaufdrang, einer immensen gedanklichen Beschäftigung mit Kaufen sowie unangemessenen Kaufepisoden, die der Emotionsregulation dienen. Die erworbenen Konsumgüter werden in der Regel kaum oder gar nicht benutzt. Betroffene und Angehörige erleben einen immensen Leidensdruck, der aus sozialen, beruflichen, psychischen und rechtlichen Folgeproblemen resultiert. Psychische Komorbiditäten sind typischerweise depressive und Angststörungen, pathologisches Horten, Binge-Eating-Störung, Bulimia nervosa, Glücksspielstörung und Substanzkonsumstörungen. Experimentelle Studien legen nahe, pathologisches Kaufen als eine «Störung in Zusammenhang mit süchtigem Verhalten» (Verhaltenssucht) zu klassifizieren.

Keywords:
Pathologisches Kaufen, Kaufsucht, «Buying-shopping disorder», «Compulsive buying», Verhaltenssucht
1.
APA (American Psychiatric Association): Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen DSM-5. Göttingen, Hogrefe, 2015.
2.
Benson AL, Eisenach D, Abrams L, van Stolk-Cooke K: Stopping overshopping: a preliminary randomized controlled trial of group therapy for compulsive buying disorder. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery 2014;9:97-125.
3.
Berridge KC, Robinson TE: Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Am Psychol 2016;71:670-679.
4.
Black DW, Shaw M, Allen J: Five-year follow-up of people diagnosed with compulsive shopping disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2016;68:97-102.
5.
Bleuler E: Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, ed 4. Berlin, Verlag von Julius Springer, 1923.
6.
Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN: Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016;71:252-266.
7.
Claes L, Müller A: Resisting temptation: Is compulsive buying an expression of personality deficits? Curr Addict Rep 2017;4:237-245.
8.
Coley A, Burgess B: Gender differences in cognitive and affective impulse buying. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management 2003;7;282-295.
9.
Dittmar H: Compulsive buying - a growing concern? An examination of gender, age, and endorsement of materialistic values as predictors. Br J Psychol 2005a;96(Pt 4):467-491.
10.
Dittmar H: A new look at «compulsive buying»: self-discrepancies and materialistic values as predictors of compulsive buying tendency. J Soc Clin Psychol 2005b;24:832-859.
11.
Dittmar H, Long K, Bond R: When a better self is only a button click away: associations between materialistic values, emotional and identity-related buying motives, and compulsive buying tendency online. J Soc Clin Psychol 2007;26:334-361.
12.
Faber RJ, O'Guinn TC: A clinical screener for compulsive buying. J Consum Res 1992;19:459-469.
13.
First MB, Williams JBW, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders: Clinical Trials Version (SCID-CT). New York, Biometrics Research, 2007.
14.
Fontenelle LF, Grant JE: Hoarding disorder: a new diagnostic category in ICD-11? Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2014;36(suppl 1):28-39.
15.
Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Baño M, et al: Cognitive behavioral therapy for compulsive buying behavior: predictors of treatment outcome. Eur Psychiatry 2017;39:57-65.
16.
Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Steward T, Mestre-Bach G, Baño M, et al: Compulsive buying behavior: characteristics of comorbidity with gambling disorder. Front Psychol 2016;7:625.
17.
Grant JE, Chamberlain SR: Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11. CNS Spectr 2016;21:300-303.
18.
Hague B, Hall J, Kellett S: Treatments for compulsive buying: a systematic review of the quality, effectiveness and progression of the outcome evidence. J Behav Addict 2016;5,379-394.
19.
Hubert M, Hubert M, Gwozdz W, Raab G, Reisch L: Compulsive buying: An increasing problem? Investigating and comparing trends in Germany and Denmark, 2010-2012. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2014;9:280-284.
20.
Kellett S, Bolton JV: Compulsive buying: a cognitive-behavioural model. Clin Psychol Psychother 2009;16:83-99.
21.
Kraepelin E: Psychiatrie - Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte, ed 8. Leipzig, Verlag Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1909.
22.
Kyrios M, McQueen P, Moulding R: Experimental analysis of the relationship between depressed mood and compulsive buying. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2013;44:194-200.
23.
Lawrence LM, Ciorciari J, Kyrios M: Relationships that compulsive buying has with addiction, obsessive-compulsiveness, hoarding, and depression. Compr Psychiatry 2014;55:1137-1145.
24.
Maraz A, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z: The prevalence of compulsive buying: A meta-analysis. Addiction 2016;111:408-419.
25.
McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Smith JM, Strakowski SM: Compulsive buying: a report of 20 cases. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:242-248.
26.
Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F: Differences and similarities between compulsive buying and other addictive behaviors. Curr Addict Rep 2017;4:228-236.
27.
Miltenberger RG, Redlin J, Crosby R, Stickney M, Mitchell J, et al: Direct and retrospective assessment of factors contributing to compulsive buying. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2003;34:1-9.
28.
Mitchell JE, Burgard M, Faber R, Crosby RD, de Zwaan M: Cognitive behavioral therapy for compulsive buying disorder. Behav Res Ther 2006;44:1859-1865.
29.
Möllenkamp M, de Zwaan M, Müller A: Hoarding with and without excessive buying: results of a pilot study. Psychopathology 2015;48:56-59.
30.
Monahan P, Black DW, Gabel J: Reliability and validity of a scale to measure change in persons with compulsive buying. Psychiatry Res 1996;64:59-67.
31.
Moulding R, Duong A, Nedeljkovic M, Kyrios M: Do you think that money can buy happiness? A review of the role of mood, materialism, self, and cognitions in compulsive buying. Curr Addict Rep 2017;4:254-261.
32.
Müller A, Arikian A, de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE: Cognitive-behavioural group therapy versus guided self-help for compulsive buying disorder: a preliminary study. Clin Psychol Psychother 2013;20:28-35.
33.
Müller A, Claes L, Demetrovics Z, de Zwaan M, Fernandes-Aranda F, et al: Buying-shopping disorder - is there enough evidence to support its inclusion in ICD-11? CNS Spectrums; in press.
34.
Müller A, de Zwaan M: Therapieansätze bei pathologischem Kaufen (Treatment of compulsive buying). Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2008;76:478-483.
35.
Müller A, de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Zimmermann T: Pathological buying and partnership status. Psychiatry Res 2016;239:122-123.
36.
Müller A, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Cao L, Johnson J, et al: Mood states preceding and following compulsive buying episodes: an ecological momentary assessment study. Psychiatry Res 2012;200:575-580.
37.
Müller A, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Gefeller O, Faber RJ, et al: Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying in Germany and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2010;180:137-142.
38.
Müller A, Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M: Compulsive buying. Am J Addict 2015a;24:132-137.
39.
Müller A, Mitchell JE, Vogel B, de Zwaan M: New assessment tools for buying disorder. Curr Addict Rep 2017;4:221-227.
40.
Müller A, Müller U, Albert P, Mertens C, Silbermann A, et al: Hoarding in a compulsive buying sample. Behav Res Ther 2007;45:2754-2763.
41.
Müller A, Müller U, Silbermann A, Reinecker H, Bleich S, et al: A Randomized, controlled trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive buying disorder: posttreatment and 6-month follow-up results. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1131-1138.
42.
Müller A, Trotzke P, Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M, Brand M: The Pathological Buying Screener: development and psychometric properties of a new screening instrument for the assessment of pathological buying symptoms. PLoS One 2015b;10:e0141094.
43.
Müller A, Wölfling K, Müller KW: Verhaltenssüchte - Pathologisches Kaufen, Spielsucht und Internetsucht. Göttingen, Hogrefe, 2018.
44.
Neuner M, Raab G, Reisch LA: Compulsive buying in maturing consumer societies: An empirical re-inquiry. J Econ Psychol 2005;26:509-522.
45.
Raab G, Elger CE, Neuner M, Weber B: A neurological study of compulsive buying behaviour. J Consum Policy 2011;34:401-413.
46.
Raab G, Neuner M, Reisch LA, Scherhorn G: SKSK - Screeningverfahren zur Erhebung von kompensatorischem und süchtigem Kaufverhalten. Ein Testmanual. Göttingen, Hogrefe, 2005.
47.
Scherhorn G, Reisch LA, Raab G: Addictive buying in West Germany: an empirical study. J Consum Policy 1990;13:355-387.
48.
Schiebener J, Brand M: Decision making under objective risk conditions - a review of cognitive and emotional correlates, strategies, feedback processing, and external influences. Neuropsychol Rev 2015;25:171-198.
49.
Serfas BG, Büttner OB, Florack A: Using implementation intentions in shopping situations: how arousal can help shield consumers against temptation. Appl Cogn Psychol 2016;30:672-680.
50.
Soares C, Fernandes N, Morgado P: A review of pharmacologic treatment for compulsive buying disorder. CNS Drugs 2016;30:281-291.
51.
Torres AR, Fontenelle LF, Shavitt RG, Ferrão YA, do Rosário MC, et al: Comorbidity variation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder according to symptom dimensions: results from a large multicentre clinical sample. J Affect Disord 2016;190:508-516.
52.
Trotzke P, Brand M, Starcke K: Cue-reactivity, craving, and decision making in buying disorder: a review of the current knowledge and future directions. Curr Addict Rep 2017;4:246-253.
53.
Trotzke P, Starcke K, Müller A, Brand M: Pathological buying online as a specific form of Internet addiction: a model-based experimental investigation. PLoS One 2015;10:e0140296.
54.
Vogel V, Kollei I, Duka T, Snagowski J, Brand M, et al: Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer: a new paradigm to assess pathological mechanisms with regard to the use of Internet applications. Behav Brain Res 2018;347:8-16.
55.
Voth EM, Claes L, Georgiadou E, Selle J, Trotzke P, et al: Reactive and regulative temperament in patients with compulsive buying and non-clinical controls measured by self-report and performance-based tasks. Compr Psychiatry 2014;55:1505-1512.
56.
WHO (World Health Organization): International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision, 2018. https://icd.who.int/ct11_2018/icd11_mms/en/release#/ (letzter Zugriff 31. August 2018).
57.
Williams AD: Quality of life and psychiatric work impairment in compulsive buying: increased symptom severity as a function of acquisition behaviors. Compr Psychiatry 2012;53:822-828.
58.
Zhang C, Brook JS, Leukefeld CG, De La Rosa M, Brook DW: Compulsive buying and quality of life: an estimate of the monetary cost of compulsive buying among adults in early midlife. Psychiatry Res 2017;252:208-214.
© 2018 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
2018
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.