Da bislang etwa ein Drittel der Patienten mit Zwangsstörungen nicht hinreichend von Expositionen mit Reaktionsmanagement (ERM) profitiert, erscheint eine genaue Analyse möglicher Wirkfaktoren für den Therapieerfolg angebracht. In der vorliegenden systematischen Übersichtsarbeit wird der derzeitige Forschungsstand zu Wirkfaktoren bei Zwangsstörungen zusammengefasst und diskutiert. Dazu wurde eine systematische Recherche zu Publikationen ab dem Jahr 2000 durchgeführt, von denen lediglich 8 Studien die geforderten Einschlusskriterien erfüllten (Psychotherapiestudie, erwachsene Zwangspatienten, potenzielle Mediatoren werden longitudinal unter Berücksichtigung des Zeitreihenkriteriums untersucht). Im Bereich kognitiver Wirkfaktoren, die am häufigsten untersucht wurden, scheinen dysfunktionale Annahmen über Zwänge, insbesondere Perfektionismus/Intoleranz für Unsicherheit, eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Die hier diskutierten Studien stuften zudem die Veränderung von Depressivität als Wirkfaktor ein. Die Ergebnisse widersprechen sich jedoch hinsichtlich der Richtung und des Ausmaßes ihrer Mediatorfunktion. Auch fanden sich Hinweise, dass die Adhärenz des Patienten hinsichtlich des therapeutischen Vorgehens eine Rolle als Mediator spielt. Die Variablen «Fallkonzeption» und «Vermeidungsverhalten» gingen nicht als Wirkfaktoren hervor. Bei der Untersuchung von Komplexität zeigte sich, dass sich bei den meisten Patienten eine rasche Veränderung der Symptome bereits vor einer Interventionsphase mit ERM vollzieht. Die überschaubare Anzahl an Studien mit teilweise widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen macht deutlich, dass großer Bedarf an elaborierten Längsschnittstudien zu Wirkfaktoren der Psychotherapie von Zwangsstörungen besteht.

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