Abstract
Empathie ist als Therapeutenvariable wichtiger Untersuchungsgegenstand der Psychotherapieforschung. Zugleich ist das Empathievermögen jedoch auch eine Patientenvariable, die den Behandlungserfolg beeinflussen kann. Als Bestandteil klinischer Symptomatik ist ein verändertes Empathieerleben bisher wenig im Fokus klinisch-psychologischer Forschung. Meist werden Konzepte wie Perspektivenübernahme / «Theory of Mind», Emotionsregulation und Alexithymie untersucht, nicht aber Empathie selbst. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel hat zum Ziel, Erkenntnisse der Neurowissenschaften in Bezug auf Empathie zusammenzufassen und störungsspezifisch verändertes Empathieerleben aufzuzeigen. Weiterhin sollen diese für die Psychotherapie nutzbar gemacht werden, um neue Ansatzpunkte für psychotherapeutische Interventionen zu generieren.
Literatur
1.
Akitsuki Y, Decety J: Social context and perceived agency affects empathy for pain: an event-related fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 2009;47:722-734.
2.
Amstadter A: Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2008;22:211-221.
3.
Avenanti A, Minio-Paluello I, Bufalari I, Aglioti S: The pain of a model in the personality of an onlooker: influence of state-reactivity and personality traits on embodied empathy for pain. Neuroimage 2009;44:275-283.
4.
Avenanti A, Minio-Paluello I, Minio Paluello I, Bufalari I, Aglioti S: Stimulus-driven modulation of motor-evoked potentials during observation of others' pain. Neuroimage 2006;32:316-324.
5.
Avenanti A, Sirigu A, Aglioti S: Racial bias reduces empathic sensorimotor resonance with other-race pain. Curr Biol 2010;20:1018-1022.
6.
Batson CD, Batson JG, Slingsby JK, Harrell KL, Peekna HM, Todd RM: Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol 1991; 61:413-426.
7.
Batson CD, Fultz J, Schoenrade PA: Distress and empathy: two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. J Pers 1987;55:19-39.
8.
Batson CD, Sager K, Garst E, Kang M, Rubchinsky K, Dawson K: Is empathy-induced helping due to self-other merging? J Pers Soc Psychol 1997;73:495-509.
9.
Beblo HT, Pastuszak A, Griepenstroh J, Fernando S, Driessen M, Schütz A, Rentzsch K, Schlosser N: Self-reported emotional dysregulation but no impairment of emotional intelligence in borderline personality disorder: an explorative study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2010;198:385-388.
10.
Benedetti F, Bernasconi A, Bosia M, Cavallaro R, Dallaspezia S, Falini A, Poletti S, Radaelli D, Riccaboni R, Scotti G, Smeraldi E: Functional and structural brain correlates of theory of mind and empathy deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009;114:154-160.
11.
Berking M: Training Emotionaler Kompetenzen, ed 2. Berlin, Springer, 2010.
12.
Bird G, Silani G, Brindley R, White S, Frith U, Singer T: Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism. Brain 2010;133:1515-1525.
13.
Blair RJ: Responding to the emotions of others: dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Conscious Cogn 2005;14:698-718.
14.
Blair RJ: Fine cuts of empathy and the amygdala: dissociable deficits in psychopathy and autism. QJ Exp Psychol 2008;61:157-170.
15.
Bora E, Gökçen S, Veznedaroglu B: Empathic abilities in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2008;160:23-29.
16.
Botvinick M, Jha A, Bylsma L, Fabian S, Solomon P, Prkachin K: Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain. Neuroimage 2005;25:312-319.
17.
Bozikas VP, Kosmidis MH, Tonia T, Andreou C, Focas K, Karavatos A: Impaired perception of affective prosody in remitted patients with bipolar disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007;19: 436-440.
18.
Budell L, Jackson P, Rainville P: Brain responses to facial expressions of pain: emotional or motor mirroring? Neuroimage 2010;53:355-363.
19.
Burba B, Oswald R, Grigaliunien V, Neverauskiene S, Jankuviene O, Chue P: A controlled study of alexithymia in adolescent patients with persistent somatoform pain disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2006;51: 468-471.
20.
Cattaneo L, Rizzolatti G: The mirror neuron system. Arch Neurol 2009;66:557-560.
21.
Cheng Y, Chen C, Lin C, Chou K, Decety J: Love hurts: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2010;51:923-929.
22.
Cheng Y, Lin C, Liu H, Hsu Y, Lim K, Hung D, Decety J: Expertise modulates the perception of pain in others. Curr Biol 2007;17:1708-1713.
23.
Clark TF, Winkielman P, McIntosh DN: Autism and the extraction of emotion from briefly presented facial expressions: stumbling at the first step of empathy. Emotion 2008;8:803-809.
24.
Connelly M, Denney DR: Regulation of emotions during experimental stress in alexithymia. J Psychosom Res 2007;62:649-656.
25.
Cornelio-Nieto JO: Infantile autism and mirror neurons (auf Spanisch). Rev Neurol 2009;48(suppl 2): S27-S29.
26.
Cusi A, Macqueen GM, McKinnon MC: Altered self-report of empathic responding in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2010;178:354-358.
27.
Danziger N, Faillenot I, Peyron R: Can we share a pain we never felt? Neural correlates of empathy in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain. Neuron 2009;61:203-212.
28.
Danziger N, Prkachin KM, Willer JC: Is pain the price of empathy? The perception of others' pain in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain. Brain 2006;129:2494-2507.
29.
Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH, Scott AA, Sigman M, Bookheimer SY, Iacoboni M: Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nat Neurosci 2006;9:28-30.
30.
Davis MH: Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 1983;44:113-126.
31.
De Vignemont F, Singer T: The empathic brain: how, when and why? Trends Cogn Sci 2006;10:435-441.
32.
Decety J, Echols S, Correll J: The blame game: the effect of responsibility and social stigma on empathy for pain. J Cogn Neurosci 2010a;22:985-997.
33.
Decety J, Lamm C: Human empathy through the lens of social neuroscience. Scientific World Journal 2006;6:1146-1163.
34.
Decety J, Moriguchi Y: The empathic brain and its dysfunction in psychiatric populations: implications for intervention across different clinical conditions. Biopsychosoc Med 2007;1:22.
35.
Decety J, Yang CY, Cheng Y: Physicians down-regulate their pain empathy response: an event-related brain potential study. Neuroimage 2010b;50:1676-1682.
36.
Demenescu LR, Kortekaas R, den Boer JA, Aleman A: Impaired attribution of emotion to facial expressions in anxiety and major depression. PLoS One 2010;5:e15058.
37.
Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH: Internationale Klassifikation Psychischer Störungen, ed 6. Bern, Huber, 2008.
38.
Donges US, Kersting A, Dannlowski U, Lalee-Mentzel J, Arolt V, Suslow T: Reduced awareness of others' emotions in unipolar depressed patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005;193:331-337.
39.
Doody GA, Götz M, Johnstone EC, Frith CD, Owens DG: Theory of mind and psychoses. Psychol Med 1998;28:397-405.
40.
Dorard G, Berthoz S, Phau O, Corcos M, Bungener C: Affect dysregulation in cannabis abusers: a study in adolescents and young adults. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;17:274-282.
41.
Dyck MJ, Ferguson K, Shochet IM: Do autism spectrum disorders differ from each other and from non-spectrum disorders on emotion recognition tests? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;10:105-116.
42.
Dziobek I, Bölte S: Neuropsychologische Modelle von Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen. Behavoirale Evidenz und neuro-funktionale Korrelate. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 2011;39:79-90.
43.
Dziobek I, Preissler S, Grozdanovic Z, Heuser I, Heekeren HR, Roepke S: Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage 2011;57:539-548.
44.
Dziobek I, Rogers K, Fleck S, Bahnemann M, Heekeren HR, Wolf OT, Convit A: Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the multifaceted empathy test (MET). J Autism Dev Disord 2008;38:464-473.
45.
Fan Y, Wonneberger C, Enzi B, de Greck M, Ulrich C, Tempelmann C, Bogerts B, Doering S, Northoff G: The narcissistic self and its psychological and neural correlates: an exploratory fMRI study. Psychol Med 2011;41:1641-1650.
46.
Fontenelle LF, Soares ID, Miele F, Borges MC, Prazeres AM, Rangé BP, Moll J: Empathy and symptoms dimensions of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2009;43:455-463.
47.
Frith CD: Schizophrenia and theory of mind. Psychol Med 2004;34:385-389.
48.
Frith CD, Frith U: Interacting minds -a biological basis. Science 1999;286:1692-1695.
49.
Gallese V: The roots of empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity. Psychopathology 2003;36:171-180.
50.
Gallese V, Goldman A: Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends Cogn Sci 1998;2:493-501.
51.
Gerdes KE: Empathy, sympathy, and pity: 21st-century definitions and implications for practice and research. J Soc Serv Res 2011;37:230-241.
52.
Goldin PR, Gross JJ: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion 2010;10:83-91.
53.
Graybiel AM, Rauch SL: Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron 2000;28: 343-347.
54.
Greimel E, Schulte-Rüther M, Kircher T, Kamp-Becker I, Remschmidt H, Fink GR, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K: Neural mechanisms of empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their fathers. Neuroimage 2010;49:1055-1065.
55.
Gu X, Han S: Attention and reality constraints on the neural processes of empathy for pain. Neuroimage 2007;36:256-267.
56.
Gu X, Liu X, Guise K, Naidich T, Hof P, Fan J: Functional dissociation of the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortices in empathy for pain. J Neurosci 2010;30:3739-3744.
57.
Guttman H, Laporte L: Alexithymia, empathy, and psychological symptoms in a family context. Compr Psychiatry 2002;43:448-455.
58.
Hadjikhani N, Joseph RM, Snyder J, Tager-Flusberg H: Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism. Cereb Cortex 2006;16:1276-1282.
59.
Hall RC: A profile of pedophilia: definition, characteristics of offenders, recidivism, treatment outcomes, and forensic issues. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:457-471.
60.
Han S, Fan Y, Mao L: Gender difference in empathy for pain: an electrophysiological investigation. Brain Res 2008;1196:85-93.
61.
Harari H, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Ravid M, Levkovitz Y: Double dissociation between cognitive and affective empathy in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2010;175:277-279.
62.
Harrison A, Sullivan S, Tchanturia K, Treasure J: Emotion recognition and regulation in anorexia nervosa. Clin Psychol Psychother 2009;16:348-356.
63.
Harrison A, Tchanturia K, Treasure J: Attentional bias, emotion recognition, and emotion regulation in anorexia: state or trait? Biol Psychiatry 2010;68: 755-761.
64.
Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: an Experiential Approach to Behavior Change. New York, Guilford, 1999.
65.
Hein G, Silani G, Preuschoff K, Batson CD, Singer T: Neural responses to ingroup and outgroup members' suffering predict individual differences in costly helping. Neuron 2010;68:149-160.
66.
Hein G, Singer T: I feel how you feel but not always: the empathic brain and its modulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008;18:153-158.
67.
Hoehn-Saric R, Pearlson GD, Harris GJ, Machlin SR, Camargo EE: Effects of fluoxetine on regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive patients. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1243-1245.
68.
Hoffman ML: Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
69.
Hollander E: Obsessive-compulsive disorder-related disorders: the role of selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11(suppl 5):75-87.
70.
Ibarrarán-Pernas GY, Guevara MA, Cerdán LF, Ramos-Loyo J: Olanzapine effects on emotional recognition in treatment refractory schizophrenics (auf Spanisch). Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2003;31:256-262.
71.
Jackson PL, Meltzoff AN, Decety J: How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. Neuroimage 2005; 24:771-779.
72.
Jackson PL, Brunet E, Meltzoff AN, Decety J: Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia 2006a;44:752-761.
73.
Jackson PL, Rainville P, Decety J: To what extent do we share the pain of others? Insight from the neural bases of pain empathy. Pain 2006b;125:5-9.
74.
Jones AP, Happé FG, Gilbert F, Burnett S, Viding E: Feeling, caring, knowing: different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010;51:1188-1197.
75.
Kabat-Zinn J: An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1982;4:33-47.
76.
Kabat-Zinn J, Lipworth L, Burney R: The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. J Behav Med 1985;8:163-190.
77.
Kabat-Zinn J, Massion AO, Kristeller J, Peterson LG, Fletcher KE, Pbert L, Lenderking WR, Santorelli SF: Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:936-943.
78.
Kelley JM, Lembo AJ, Ablon JS, Villanueva JJ, Conboy LA, Levy R, Marci CD, Kerr CE, Kirsch I, Jacobson EE, Riess H, Kaptchuk TJ: Patient and practitioner influences on the placebo effect in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom Med 2009;71: 789-797.
79.
Kessler H, Kammerer M, Hoffmann H, Traue HC: Regulation von Emotionen und Alexithymie: Eine korrelative Studie. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2010;60:169-174.
80.
Killgore WD, Kahn-Greene ET, Lipizzi EL, Newman RA, Kamimori GH, Balkin TJ: Sleep deprivation reduces perceived emotional intelligence and constructive thinking skills. Sleep Med 2008;9:517-526.
81.
Kipps CM, Mioshi E, Hodges JR: Emotion, social functioning and activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase 2009;15:182-189.
82.
Kirchner JC, Hatri A, Heekeren HR, Dziobek I: Autistic symptomatology, face processing abilities, and eye fixation patterns. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41:158-167.
83.
Kooiman CG, Bolk JH, Brand R, Trijsburg RW, Rooijmans HG: Is alexithymia a risk factor for unexplained physical symptoms in general medical outpatients? Psychosom Med 2000;62:768-778.
84.
Korkmaz B: Theory of mind and neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. Pediatr Res 2011;69:101R-108R.
85.
Kucharska-Pietura K, Nikolaou V, Masiak M, Treasure J: The recognition of emotion in the faces and voice of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2004;35:42-47.
86.
Lamm C, Batson CD, Decety J: The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. J Cogn Neurosci 2007a;19: 42-58.
87.
Lamm C, Nusbaum HC, Meltzoff AN, Decety J: What are you feeling? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the modulation of sensory and affective responses during empathy for pain. PLoS One 2007b;2:e1292.
88.
Lamm C, Singer T: The role of anterior insular cortex in social emotions. Brain Struct Funct 2010;214:579-591.
89.
Langdon R, Coltheart M, Ward PB: Empathetic perspective-taking is impaired in schizophrenia: evidence from a study of emotion attribution and theory of mind. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2006;11:133-155.
90.
Lawrence EJ, Shaw P, Baker D, Baron-Cohen S, David AS: Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychol Med 2004; 34:911-919.
91.
Lee K, Farrow T, Spence S, Woodruff P: Social cognition, brain networks and schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2004;34:391-400.
92.
Lee SJ, Kang DH, Kim CW, Gu BM, Park JY, Choi CH, Shin NY, Lee JM, Kwon JS: Multi-level comparison of empathy in schizophrenia: an fMRI study of a cartoon task. Psychiatry Res 2010;181:121-129.
93.
Lincoln TM, Mehl S, Kesting ML, Rief W: Negative symptoms and social cognition: identifying targets for psychological interventions. Schizophr Bull 2011;37(suppl 2):S23-S32.
94.
Linehan MM: Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Theory and method. Bull Menninger Clin 1987;51:261-276.
95.
Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Murray AM, Brown MZ, Gallop RJ, Heard HL, Korslund KE, Tutek DA, Reynolds SK, Lindenboim N: Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:757-766.
96.
Linehan MM, Dimeff LA, Reynolds SK, Comtois KA, Welch SS, Heagerty P, Kivlahan DR: Dialectical behavior therapy versus comprehensive validation therapy plus 12-step for the treatment of opioid dependent women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;67:13-26.
97.
Linehan MM, Schmidt H, Dimeff LA, Craft JC, Kanter J, Comtois KA: Dialectical behavior therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder and drug-dependence. Am J Addict 1999;8:279-292.
98.
Linton SJ, Melin L, Götestam KG: Behavioral analysis of chronic pain and its management. Prog Behav Modif 1984;18:1-42.
99.
Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S, Consortium MA: Specialization of right temporo-parietal junction for mentalizing and its relation to social impairments in autism. Neuroimage 2011;56:1832-1838.
100.
Lutz A, Brefczynski-Lewis J, Johnstone T, Davidson R: Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: effects of meditative expertise. PLoS One 2008;3:e1897.
101.
Mann LS, Wise TN, Trinidad A, Kohanski R: Alexithymia, affect recognition, and the five-factor model of personality in normal subjects. Psychol Rep 1994;74:563-567.
102.
Markey MA, Vander Wal JS: The role of emotional intelligence and negative affect in bulimic symptomatology. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:458-464.
103.
Marsh AA, Finger EC, Schechter JC, Jurkowitz IT, Reid ME, Blair RJ: Adolescents with psychopathic traits report reductions in physiological responses to fear. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011;52:834-841.
104.
Martineau J, Andersson F, Barthélémy C, Cottier JP, Destrieux C: Atypical activation of the mirror neuron system during perception of hand motion in autism. Brain Res 2010;1320:168-175.
105.
Mason P, Bartal I: How the social brain experiences empathy: summary of a gathering. Soc Neurosci 2010:1-5.
106.
Mathur VA, Harada T, Lipke T, Chiao JY: Neural basis of extraordinary empathy and altruistic motivation. Neuroimage 2010;51:1468-1475.
107.
McMain S, Korman LM, Dimeff L: Dialectical behavior therapy and the treatment of emotion dysregulation. J Clin Psychol 2001;57:183-196.
108.
Menzies L, Chamberlain SR, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET: Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofrontostriatal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008;32:525-549.
109.
Minio-Paluello I, Baron-Cohen S, Avenanti A, Walsh V, Aglioti SM: Absence of embodied empathy during pain observation in Asperger syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:55-62.
110.
Montag C, Heinz A, Kunz D, Gallinat J: Self-reported empathic abilities in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007;92:85-89.
111.
Moriguchi Y, Decety J, Ohnishi T, Maeda M, Mori T, Nemoto K, Matsuda H, Komaki G: Empathy and judging other's pain: an fMRI study of alexithymia. Cereb Cortex 2007;17:2223-2234.
112.
Moriguchi Y, Ohnishi T, Decety J, Hirakata M, Maeda M, Matsuda H, Komaki G: The human mirror neuron system in a population with deficient self-awareness: an fMRI study in alexithymia. Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30:2063-2076.
113.
Morrison I, Lloyd D, di Pellegrino G, Roberts N: Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue? Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2004;4:270-278.
114.
Paivio SC, Laurent C: Empathy and emotion regulation: reprocessing memories of childhood abuse. J Clin Psychol 2001;57:213-226.
115.
Parker JD, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM: Alexithymia and the recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Psychother Psychosom 1993;59:197-202.
116.
Perner J, Lang B: Development of theory of mind and executive control. Trends Cogn Sci 1999;3:337-344.
117.
Peyron R, Frot M, Schneider F, Garcia-Larrea L, Mertens P, Barral FG, Sindou M, Laurent B, Mauguière F: Role of operculoinsular cortices in human pain processing: converging evidence from PET, fMRI, dipole modeling, and intracerebral recordings of evoked potentials. Neuroimage 2002;17: 1336-1346.
118.
Preston SD, de Waal FB: Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases. Behav Brain Sci 2002;25:1-20, discussion 20-71.
119.
Proverbio AM, Adorni R, Zani A, Trestianu L: Sex differences in the brain response to affective scenes with or without humans. Neuropsychologia 2009;47: 2374-2388.
120.
Putnam KM, Silk KR: Emotion dysregulation and the development of borderline personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2005;17:899-925.
121.
Rameson LT, Lieberman MD: Empathy: a social cognitive neuroscience approach. Soc Personal Psychol Compass 2009;3:94-110.
122.
Ritter K, Dziobek I, Preissler S, Rüter A, Vater A, Fydrich T, Lammers CH, Heekeren HR, Roepke S: Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2011;187:241-247.
123.
Rizzolatti G, Craighero L: The mirror-neuron system. Annu Rev Neurosci 2004;27:169-192.
124.
Rogers CR: The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. J Consult Psychol 1957;21:95-103.
125.
Rosen IM, Gimotty PA, Shea JA, Bellini LM: Evolution of sleep quantity, sleep deprivation, mood disturbances, empathy, and burnout among interns. Acad Med 2006;81:82-85.
126.
Saarela MV, Hlushchuk Y, Williams AC, Schürmann M, Kalso E, Hari R: The compassionate brain: humans detect intensity of pain from another's face. Cereb Cortex 2007;17:230-237.
127.
Sambo CF, Howard M, Kopelman M, Williams S, Fotopoulou A: Knowing you care: effects of perceived empathy and attachment style on pain perception. Pain 2010;151:687-693.
128.
Schachter S, Singer JE: Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev 1962;69:379-399.
129.
Shamay-Tsoory SG, Aharon-Peretz J: Dissociable prefrontal networks for cognitive and affective theory of mind: a lesion study. Neuropsychologia 2007;45: 3054-3067.
130.
Shamay-Tsoory SG, Shur S, Barcai-Goodman L, Medlovich S, Harari H, Levkovitz Y: Dissociation of cognitive from affective components of theory of mind in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2007a;149:11-23.
131.
Shamay-Tsoory SG, Shur S, Harari H, Levkovitz Y: Neurocognitive basis of impaired empathy in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 2007b;21:431-438.
132.
Shamay-Tsoory S, Harari H, Szepsenwol O, Levkovitz Y: Neuropsychological evidence of impaired cognitive empathy in euthymic bipolar disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009;21:59-67.
133.
Shamay-Tsoory SG, Harari H, Aharon-Peretz J, Levkovitz Y: The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in affective theory of mind deficits in criminal offenders with psychopathic tendencies. Cortex 2010;46:668-677.
134.
Shin YW, Ha TH, Kim SY, Kwon JS: Association between EEG alpha power and visuospatial function in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;58:16-20.
135.
Shur S, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Levkovitz Y: Integration of emotional and cognitive aspects of theory of mind in schizophrenia and its relation to prefrontal neurocognitive performance. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2008;13:472-490.
136.
Sifneos PE: The prevalence of ‘alexithymic' characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychother Psychosom 1973;22:255-262.
137.
Sifneos PE: Alexithymia and its relationship to hemispheric specialization, affect, and creativity. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1988;11:287-292.
138.
Singer T: The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006;30:855-863.
139.
Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD: Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004;303:1157-1162.
140.
Sommer M, Hajak G, Döhnel K, Schwerdtner J, Meinhardt J, Müller JL: Integration of emotion and cognition in patients with psychopathy. Prog Brain Res 2006;156:457-466.
141.
Sparks A, McDonald S, Lino B, O'Donnell M, Green MJ: Social cognition, empathy and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010;122: 172-178.
142.
Sugranyes G, Kyriakopoulos M, Corrigall R, Taylor E, Frangou S: Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia: meta-analysis of the neural correlates of social cognition. PLoS One 2011;6:e25322.
143.
Swart M, Kortekaas R, Aleman A: Dealing with feelings: characterization of trait alexithymia on emotion regulation strategies and cognitive-emotional processing. PLoS One 2009;4:e5751.
144.
Taylor GJ: Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research. Can J Psychiatry 2000;45:134-142.
145.
Tortella-Feliu M, Balle M, Sesé A: Relationships between negative affectivity, emotion regulation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in adolescents as examined through structural equation modeling. J Anxiety Disord 2010;24:686-693.
146.
Treede RD, Kenshalo DR, Gracely RH, Jones AK: The cortical representation of pain. Pain 1999;79:105-111.
147.
Van Dijke A, van der Hart O, Ford JD, van Son M, van der Heijden P, Bühring M: Affect dysregulation and dissociation in borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder: differentiating inhibitory and excitatory experiencing states. J Trauma Dissociation 2010;11:424-443.
148.
Van Wingen GA, van Eijndhoven P, Tendolkar I, Buitelaar J, Verkes RJ, Fernández G: Neural basis of emotion recognition deficits in first-episode major depression. Psychol Med 2011;41:1397-1405.
149.
Walker S, O'Connor DB, Schaefer A: Brain potentials to emotional pictures are modulated by alexithymia during emotion regulation. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2011;11:463-475.
150.
Waller E, Scheidt CE: Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: a study comparing the TAS-20 with non-self-report measures of alexithymia. J Psychosom Res 2004;57:239-247.
151.
Waller E, Scheidt CE: Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: a development perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006;18:13-24.
152.
Weizmann-Henelius G, Viemerö V, Eronen M: Psychopathy in violent female offenders in Finland. Psychopathology 2004;37:213-221.
153.
Wilbertz G, Brakemeier EL, Zobel I, Härter M, Schramm E: Exploring preoperational features in chronic depression. J Affect Disord 2010;124:262-269.
154.
Williams C, Wood RL: Alexithymia and emotional empathy following traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2010;32:259-267.
155.
Xu X, Zuo X, Wang X, Han S: Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses. J Neurosci 2009;29:8525-8529.
156.
Yang C, Decety J, Lee S, Chen C, Cheng Y: Gender differences in the mu rhythm during empathy for pain: an electroencephalographic study.
© 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel
2013
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
