Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the study was to examine whether disinfection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin-containing urine with etaprocohol® (ethanol 76.9–81.4 vol % and isopropanol as an additive) is safer than disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. Method: In prospective research, safety and efficacy was analyzed in 5 patients in the etaprocohol® disinfection group and 5 patients in the sodium hypochlorite disinfection group. The primary endpoint was the temperature change after disinfection and the secondary endpoint was the unpleasantness of the odor caused by disinfection. Additionally, concentration of gas produced was also examined. Sensory tests were taken from staff who performed urine disinfection and the odor generated by disinfection was evaluated. As a safety protocol, post-BCG-treated urine is cultured to verify the negativity for mycobacteria. Results: Mycobacteria were disinfected in all cases. The temperature rise following disinfection was significantly higher in the sodium hypochlorite group. The sensory test outcomes were significantly worse in the group disinfected with sodium hypochlorite. The concentration of gas generated immediately after disinfection in both groups reached the maximum value and declined quickly. Conclusions: Disinfection of bacillus Calmette-Guerin-containing urine with etaprocohol® was safer than disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, and an equivalent disinfection effect was achieved.
Journal Section:
Research Article
References
1.
Kurth
K-H
, Sylvester
RJ
. Prognostic factors in non–muscle-invasive bladder tumors: i. clinical prognostic factors: a review of the experience of the EORTC genito-urinary group II. Biologic prognostic markers
. Eur Urol Supplements
. 2007
;6
(14
):789
–99
. 2.
Lamm
DL
, Blumenstein
BA
, Crissman
JD
, Montie
JE
, Gottesman
JE
, Lowe
BA
, et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study
. J Urol
. 2000
;163
(4
):1124
–9
. 3.
Malmström
PU
, Sylvester
RJ
, Crawford
DE
, Friedrich
M
, Krege
S
, Rintala
E
, et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical Mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
. Eur Urol
. 2009
;56
(2
):247
–56
. 4.
Sylvester
RJ
, Brausi
MA
, Kirkels
WJ
, Hoeltl
W
, Calais Da Silva
F
, Powell
PH
, et al. Long-term efficacy results of EORTC genito-urinary group randomized phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate- and high-risk stage Ta T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
. Eur Urol
. 2010
;57
(5
):766
–73
. 5.
Koga
H
, Ozono
S
, Tsushima
T
, Tomita
K
, Horiguchi
Y
, Usami
M
, et al. Maintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation for Ta, T1 cancer and carcinoma in situ of the bladder: randomized controlled trial by the BCG Tokyo Strain Study Group
. Int J Urol
. 2010
;17
(9
):759
–66
. 6.
Hinotsu
S
, Akaza
H
, Naito
S
, Ozono
S
, Sumiyoshi
Y
, Noguchi
S
, et al. Maintenance therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin Connaught strain clearly prolongs recurrence-free survival following transurethral resection of bladder tumour for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
. BJU Int
. 2011
;108
(2
):187
–95
. 7.
Sylvester
RJ
, van der Meijden
AP
, Lamm
DL
. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials
. J Urol
. 2002
;168
(5
):1964
–70
. 8.
Vahr
S
, De Blok
W
, Love-Retinger
N
, Thoft
B
, Turner
J
, Villa
G
. Evidence-based guidelines for best practice in urological health care intravesical instillation with mitomycin C or bacillus Calmette-Guérin in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [Internet]. [Cited 2020 Oct 25]. 2015
.9.
White
CW
, Martin
JG
. Chlorine gas inhalation: human clinical evidence of toxicity and experience in animal models
. Proc Am Thorac Soc
. 2010
;7
(4
):257
–63
. 10.
Iwama
K
, Kadosawa
M
, Matsumoto
H
, Kuroda
S
, Fujita
I
, Toida
I
et al. [Bactericidal effects of various disinfrctants against BCG in urine] Nyoutyuu BCG ni taisuru kakusyu syoudokuzai no syoudokukouka ni tsuite
. BCG menneki ryouhou kennkyuu kai kaisi
. 1998
;22
:65
–71
.11.
Kondo
Y
, Takayama
T
. [Study of urination treatment after BCG intravesical instillation therapy] BCG boukounai tyuunyuu ryouhou go no nyou syori no kenntou
. Jpn J Urol
. 2022
;113
(1
):12
–5
. 12.
Garrison
RF
. Acute poisoning from use of isopropyl alcohol in tepid sponging
. J Am Med Assoc
. 1953
;152
(4
):317
–8
. 13.
Lim
J
. Hedonic scaling: a review of methods and theory
. Food Qual Preference
. 2011
;22
(8
):733
–47
. 14.
Kanda
Y
. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ‘EZR’ for medical statistics
. Bone Marrow Transplant
. 2013
;48
(3
):452
–8
. 15.
Estrela
C
, Estrela
CR
, Barbin
EL
, Spanó
JCE
, Marchesan
MA
, Pécora
JD
. Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite
. Braz Dent J
. 2002
;13
(2
):113
–7
. 16.
Council
NR
. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Vol. 4
. 2003
.17.
Persson
L
, Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen
S
, Lai
A
, Persson
Å
, Fick
S
. The globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals: explaining the legal implementation gap
. Sustainability
. 2017
;9
(12
):2176
. 18.
Vishwakarma
AK
, Yadava
L
. Structural and sensing properties of ethanol gas using Pd-doped SnO2 thick film gas sensor
. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
. 2021
;28
(4
):3920
–7
. 19.
Slaughter
RJ
, Mason
RW
, Beasley
DM
, Vale
JA
, Schep
LJ
. Isopropanol poisoning
. Clin Toxicol
. 2014
;52
(5
):470
–8
. © 2024 S. Karger AG, Basel
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
2024
You do not currently have access to this content.
