Introduction: To assess the influence of music therapy on perceived anxiety and pain during outpatient urodynamic study (UDS) in a prospective, randomized fashion. Methods: Between January and December 2018, a total of 70 patients were randomized to either have music therapy (study) or not have (control) in a 1:1 ratio. To the study group, Sufi music was delivered at low tempo. All participants performed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory evaluation after the procedure and assessed their degree of pain, satisfaction, and willingness to undergo an additional or repeat procedure using the Visual Analog Scale. Results: Patient demographic and baseline characteristics were found to be similar between the 2 groups. Though music did not significantly alleviate pain (4.6 ± 1.2 vs. 4.4 ± 1.7; p = 0.76) and anxiety (47.7 ± 7.75 vs. 46.4 ± 6.5; p = 0.36), it had a positive impact on the patient’s willingness to repeat UDS (3.4 ± 1.4 vs. 6.1 ± 1.3; p = 0.005) and provided overall satisfaction (4.6 ± 0.61 vs. 7.2 ± 1.33; p = 0.004). Conclusions: Music is a practical, harmless, and inexpensive non-pharmacological option that can be adopted during medical and surgical procedures, although according to this present study, listening to music during UDS had no effect on pain and anxiety levels.

Keywords:
Music therapy, State-trait anxiety inventory, Satisfaction, Urodynamic study, Visual Analog Scale
1.
Brown ET, Krlin RM, Winters JC. Urodynamics: examining the current role of UDS testing. What is the role of urodynamic testing in light of recent AUA urodynamics and overactive bladder guidelines and the VALUE study?
Curr Urol Rep
. 2013 Oct;14(5):403–8.
2.
Klingler HC, Madersbacher S, Djavan B, Schatzl G, Marberger M, Schmidbauer CP. Morbidity of the evaluation of the lower urinary tract with transurethral multichannel pressure-flow studies.
J Urol
. 1998 Jan;159(1):191–4.
3.
Yoshimura R, Wada S, Kishimoto T. Why the flexible cystoscope has not yet been widely introduced?: A questionnaire to Japanese urologists.
Int J Urol
. 1999 Nov;6(11):549–59; discussion 560–1.
4.
Kim JW, Kim HJ, Park YJ, Kang SG, Park JY, Bae JH, et al. The effects of a heating pad on anxiety, pain, and distress during urodynamic study in the female patients with stress urinary incontinence.
Neurourol Urodyn
. 2018 Mar;37(3):997–1001.
5.
Stav K, Ohlgisser R, Siegel YI, Beberashvili I, Padoa A, Zisman A. Pain during Female Urethral Catheterization: Intraurethral Lubricant Injection versus Catheter Tip Lubrication–A Prospective Randomized Trial.
J Urol
. 2015 Oct;194(4):1018–21.
6.
Greenstein A, Bar-Yosef Y, Chen J, Matzkin H. Does information provided to men before a urodynamic study affect their expectation of pain?
BJU Int
. 2005 Dec;96(9):1307–9.
7.
Raheem OA, Mirheydar HS, Lee HJ, Patel ND, Godebu E, Sakamoto K. Does Listening to Music During Office-Based Flexible Cystoscopy Decrease Anxiety in Patients: A Prospective Randomized Trial.
J Endourol
. 2015 Jul;29(7):791–6.
8.
Packiam VT, Nottingham CU, Cohen AJ, Eggener SE, Gerber GS. No Effect of Music on Anxiety and Pain During Transrectal Prostate Biopsies: A Randomized Trial.
Urology
. 2018 Jul;117:31–5.
9.
Gezginci E, Iyigun E, Yalcin S, Bedir S, Ozgok IY. Comparison of Two Different Distraction Methods Affecting the Level of Pain and Anxiety during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Pain Manag Nurs
. 2018 Jun;19(3):295–302.
10.
Yeo JK, Cho DY, Oh MM, Park SS, Park MG. Listening to music during cystoscopy decreases anxiety, pain, and dissatisfaction in patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial.
J Endourol
. 2013 Apr;27(4):459–62.
11.
Öner N, Le Compte A.
Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygi Envanteri El Kitabi (Handbook of state-trait anxiety inventory)
. Istanbul: Bogazici Universitesi; 1985.
12.
Spielberger C, Gorsuch R, Lushene R, Vagg P, Jacobs G.
Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inverntory
. Palo Alto (CA): Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983.
13.
Rosier PF, Schaefer W, Lose G, Goldman HB, Guralnick M, Eustice S, et al. International Continence Society Good Urodynamic Practices and Terms 2016: Urodynamics, uroflowmetry, cystometry, and pressure-flow study.
Neurourol Urodyn
. 2017 Jun;36(5):1243–60.
14.
Ku JH, Kim SW, Kim HH, Paick JS, Son H, Oh SJ. Patient experience with a urodynamic study: a prospective study in 208 patients.
J Urol
. 2004 Jun;171(6 Pt 1):2307–10.
15.
Özel BZ, Sun V, Pahwa A, Nelken R, Dancz CE. Randomized controlled trial of 2% lidocaine gel versus water-based lubricant for multi-channel urodynamics.
Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct
. 2018 Sep;29(9):1297–302.
16.
Bright E, Parsons BA, Swithinbank L. Increased patient information does not reduce patient anxiety regarding urodynamic studies.
Urol Int
. 2011;87(3):314–8.
17.
Angioli R, De Cicco Nardone C, Plotti F, Cafà EV, Dugo N, Damiani P, et al. Use of music to reduce anxiety during office hysteroscopy: prospective randomized trial.
J Minim Invasive Gynecol
. 2014 May-Jun;21(3):454–9.
18.
Dubois JM, Bartter T, Pratter MR. Music improves patient comfort level during outpatient bronchoscopy.
Chest
. 1995 Jul;108(1):129–30.
19.
Costa A, Montalbano LM, Orlando A, Ingoglia C, Linea C, Giunta M, et al. Music for colonoscopy: A single-blind randomized controlled trial.
Dig Liver Dis
. 2010 Dec;42(12):871–6.
20.
Galaal K, Bryant A, Deane KH, Al-Khaduri M, Lopes AD. Interventions for reducing anxiety in women undergoing colposcopy.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
. 2011 Dec;(12):CD006013.
21.
Cruise CJ, Chung F, Yogendran S, Little D. Music increases satisfaction in elderly outpatients undergoing cataract surgery.
Can J Anaesth
. 1997 Jan;44(1):43–8.
22.
Dobek CE, Beynon ME, Bosma RL, Stroman PW. Music modulation of pain perception and pain-related activity in the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
J Pain
. 2014 Oct;15(10):1057–68.
23.
Shim JS, Chae JY, Kang SG, Park JY, Bae JH, Kang SH, et al. Can Listening to Music Decrease Pain, Anxiety, and Stress During a Urodynamic Study? A Randomized Prospective Trial Focusing on Gender Differences.
Urology
. 2017 Jun;104:59–63.
24.
Chang YH, Oh TH, Lee JW, Park SC, Seo IY, Jeong HJ, et al. Listening to music during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy decreases anxiety, pain and dissatisfaction in patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial.
Urol Int
. 2015;94(3):337–41.
25.
Çetinkaya F, Aşiret GD, Yilmaz CK, İnci S. Effect of listening to music on anxiety and physiological parameters during coronary angiography: A randomized clinical trial.
Eur J Integr Med
. 2018 Oct;23:37–42.
26.
Yaman Aktaş Y, Karabulut N. The effects of music therapy in endotracheal suctioning of mechanically ventilated patients.
Nurs Crit Care
. 2016 Jan;21(1):44–52.
27.
Allred KD, Byers JF, Sole ML. The effect of music on postoperative pain and anxiety.
Pain Manag Nurs
. 2010 Mar;11(1):15–25.
28.
Kyriakides R, Jones P, Geraghty R, Skolarikos A, Liatsikos E, Traxer O, et al. Effect of Music on Outpatient Urological Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from the European Association of Urology Section of Uro-Technology.
J Urol
. 2018 May;199(5):1319–27.
29.
Öztürk E, Hamidi N, Yikilmaz TN, Özcan C, Başar H. Effect of Listening to Music on Patient Anxiety and Pain Perception during Urodynamic Study: Randomized Controlled Trial.
Low Urin Tract Symptoms
. 2019 Jan;11(1):39–42.
© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel
2019
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.