Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate associations of prostatic chronic inflammation (PCI) with prostate cancer (PCA) grade groups by the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP). Methods: The study evaluated retrospectively 738 cases. The patient population was sampled into 3 groups collecting cases without and with PCA including subjects with lSUP grade group 1 and grade groups 2–5. Results: PCI was assessed in 185 patients (25.1%) and PCA in 361 patients (48.9%) of whom 188 (25.5%) had ISUP grade and 173 (23.4%) had ISUP groups 2–5 tumors. PCI inversely related to ISUP groups (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the risk of ISUP grade group 1 PCA compared to negative cases associated positively with age (OR 1.042; p = 0.001) but inversely with total prostate volume (TPV; OR 0.965; p < 0.0001) and PCI (OR 0.314; p < 0.0001). Intermediate-high grade tumors associated positively with age (OR 1.065; p < 0.0001), prostate specific antigen (OR 1.167; p < 0.0001), and abnormal digital rectal examination (OR 2.251; p < 0.0001) but inversely with TPV (OR 0.921; p < 0.0001) and PCI (OR 0.106; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: PCI decreased the risk of PCA among ISUP tumor grade groups.

1.
Krieger JN, Nyberg L Jr, Nickel JC: NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999; 282: 263–267.
2.
Gandaglia G, Briganti A, Gontero P, Mondaini N, Novara G, Salonia A, Sciarra A, Montorsi F: The role of chronic prostatic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BJU Int 2013; 112: 432–441.
3.
De Nunzio C, Kramer G, Marberger M, et al: The controversial relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: the role of inflammation. Eur Urol 2011; 60: 106–117.
4.
Gandaglia G, Zaffuto E, Fossati N, Cucchiara V, Mirone V, Montorsi F, Birganti A: The role of prostatic inflammation in the development and progression of benign and malignant diseases. Curr Opin Urol 2017; 27: 99–106.
5.
Porcaro AB, Rubilotta E, Petrozziello A, Ghimenton C, Migliorini F, Zecchini Antoniolli S, Lacola V, Monaco C, Curti P, Cavalleri S, Pianon R, Artibani W: Chronic inflammation of the prostate type IV with respect to risk of prostate cancer. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2014; 86: 208–211.
6.
Porcaro AB, Novella G, Molinari A, Terrin A, Minja A, De Marco V, Martignoni G, Brunelli M, Cerruto MA, Curti P, Cavalleri S, Artibani W: Prostate volume index and chronic inflammation of the prostate type IV with respect to the risk of prostate cancer. Urol Int 2015; 94: 270–285.
7.
Porcaro AB, Novella G, Balzarro M, Martignoni G, Brunelli M, Cacciamani G, Cerruto MA, Artibani W: Prostate chronic inflammation type IV and prostate cancer risk in patients undergoing first biopsy set: results of a large cohort study. Asian J Urol 2015; 2: 224–232.
8.
Porcaro AB, Novella G, Mattevi D, Bizzotto L, Cacciamani G, Luyk ND, Tamanini I, Cerruto MA, Brunelli M, Artibani W: Chronic inflammation in prostate biopsy cores is an independent factor that lowers the risk of prostate cancer detection and is inversely associated with the number of positive cores in patients elected to a first biopsy. Curr Urol 2016; 9: 82–92.
9.
Porcaro AB, Novella G, de Luyk N, Corsi P, Cacciamani G, Sebben M, Tafuri A, Processali T, Cerasuolo M, Cerruto MA, Brunelli M, Siracusano S, Artibani W: Intraprostatic chronic inflammation is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in patients elected to a first random biopsy set. Tumori 2017; 103: 475–482.
10.
Epstein JI, Allsbrook WC Jr, Amin MB, Egevad LL; ISUP Grading Committee: The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29: 1228–1242.
11.
Pierorazio PM, Walsh PC, Partin AW, Epstein JI: Prognostic Gleason grade grouping: data based on the modified Gleason scoring system. BJU Int 2013; 111: 753–760.
12.
Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD, nelson JB, Egevad L, Magi-Galluzzi C, Vickers AJ, Parwani AV, Reuter VE, Fine SW, Eastham JA, Wiklund P, Han m, Reddy CA, Ciezki JP, Nyberg T, Klein EA: A contemporary prostate cancer grading system: a validated alternative to the Gleason score. Eur Urol 2016; 69: 428–435.
13.
Murtola TJ, Gurel B, Umbehr M, et al: Inflammation in benign prostate tissue and prostate cancer in the finasteride arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25: 463–469.
14.
Gurel B, Lucia MS, Thompson IM Jr, et al: Chronic inflammation in benign prostate tissue is associated with high-grade prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23: 847–856.
15.
Karakiewicz PI, Benayoun S, Begin LR, et al: Chronic inflammation is negatively associated with prostate cancer and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy. Int J Clin Pract 2007; 61: 425–430.
16.
Moreira DM, Nickel JC, Gerber L, Muller RL, Andriole GL, Castro-Santamaria R, Freedland SJ: Baseline prostate inflammation is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy: results from the REDUCE study. Cancer 2014; 120: 190–196.
17.
Yli-Hemminki TH, Laurila M, Auvinen A, et al: Histological inflammation and risk of subsequent prostate cancer among men with initially elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial. BJU Int 2013; 112: 735–741.
18.
Balkwill F, Mantovani A: Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 2001; 357: 539–545.
19.
Sfanos KS, Hempel HA, De Marzo AM: The role of inflammation in prostate cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014; 816: 153–181.
20.
Drake CG: Prostate cancer as a model for tumour immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10: 580–593.
21.
Hammerstrom AE, Cauley DH, Atkinson BJ, Sharma P: Cancer Immunotherapy: Sipuleucel-T and beyond. Pharmacotherapy 2011; 31: 813–828.
22.
Hoekx L, Jeuris W, Van Marck E, Wyndaele JJ: Elevated serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) related to asymptomatic prostatic inflammation. Acta Urol Belg 1998; 66: 1–2.
23.
Sindhwani P, Wilson CM: Prostatitis and serum prostate-specific antigen. Curr Urol Rep 2005; 6: 306–312.
24.
Hochreiter WW: The issue of prostate cancer evaluation in men with elevated prostate-specific antigen and chronic prostatitis. Andrologia 2008; 40: 130–133.
25.
Mendhiratta N, Meng X, Taneja SS: Using multiparametric MRI to “personalize” biopsy for men. Curr Opin Urol 2015; 25: 498–503.
26.
Schwarz T, Seidl C, Schiemann M, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R, Krause BJ: Increased choline uptake in macrophages and prostate cancer cells does not allow for differentiation between benign and malignant prostate pathologies. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43: 355–359.
27.
Okotie OT, Roehl KA, Han M, Loeb S, Gashti SN, Catalona WJ: Characteristics of prostate cancer detected by digital rectal examination only. Urology 2007; 70: 1117–1120.
28.
Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Flanigan RC, DeKernion JB, Ratliff TL, Kavoussi LR, Dalkin BL, Waters WB: Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol 2017; 197:S200–S207.
29.
Choi H, Cho S, Bae JH, Lee SE, Hong SK, Moon DG, Cheon J, Byun SS, Park JY: Characteristics of prostate cancer by opportunistic screening in Korean men with prostate-specific antigen level less than 4.0 ng per milliliter. Urol Int 2017; 99: 143–148.
30.
Porcaro AB, Cavicchioli F, Mattevi D, De Luyk N, Corsi P, Sebben M, Tafuri A, Processali T, Cerasuolo M, Tamanini I, Cacciamani G, Cerruto MA, Brunelli M, Novella G, Siracusano S, Artibani W: Clinical factors of disease reclassification or progression in a contemporary cohort of prostate cancer patients elected to active surveillance. Urol Int 2017; 98: 32–39.
31.
Marra G, Eldred-Evans D, Challacombe B, Van Hemelrijck M, Polson A, Pomplun S, Foster CS, Brown C, Cahill D, Gontero P, Popert R, Muir G: Pathological concordance between prostate biopsies and radical prostatectomy using transperineal sector mapping biopsies: validation and comparison with transrectal biopsies. Urol Int 2017; 99: 168–176.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.