Die sogenannten Sekundärstoffe der Pflanzen haben spezifische Funktionen für den pflanzlichen Organismus und seine ökologische Position, z.B. zur Abwehr von Herbivoren oder zur Attraktion bestäubender Insekten. Herbivoren einschliesslich des Menschen haben infolge von Koevolution mit den Pflanzen Transportproteine, Enzyme und weitere Instrumente erworben, um einerseits geeignete Sekundärstoffe zu resorbieren, zu metabolisieren oder für eigene Zwecke zu instrumentalisieren und andererseits toxische Sekundärstoffe zu meiden, nach Resorption auszuscheiden oder zu detoxifizieren.

Keywords:
Sekundärstoffe, Cytochrom-P450-Enzyme, CYP, Koevolution
1.
White TD, Asfaw B, Beyene Y, Haile-Selassie Y, Lovejoy CO, Suwa G, Wolde GG: Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science 2009;326:75-86.
2.
Teaford MF, Ungar PS: Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:13506-13511.
3.
de Heinzelin J, Clark JD, White T, Hart W, Renne P, Wolde-Gabriel G, Beyene Y, Vrba E: Environment and behaviour of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 1999;284:625-629.
4.
Milton K: The critical role played by animal source foods in human (Homo) evolution. J Nutr 2003;133:S3886.
5.
Ye K, Gu Z: Recent advances in understanding the role of nutrition in human genome evolution. Adv Nutr 2011;2:486-496.
6.
Diamond J: Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature 2002;418:700-707.
7.
Krebs JR: The gourmet ape: evolution and human food preferences. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(suppl):707S-711S.
8.
Mode CJ: A mathematical model for the co-evolution of obligate parasites and their hosts. Evolution 1958;12:158-165.
9.
Ehrlich PR, Raven PH: Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution 1964;18:586-608.
10.
Sitte P, Weiler EW (Hrsg): Strasburger. Lehrbuch der Botanik, ed 35. Heidelberg, Spektrum, 2002.
11.
Fraenkel GS: The raison d'etre of secondary plant substances. Science 1959;129:1466-1470.
12.
Harborne JB: Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry. New York, Academic Press, 1994.
13.
Storch V, Welsch U, Wink M: Evolutionsbiologie, ed 2. Heidelberg, Springer, 2007.
14.
Lev-Yadun S: Plant-environment interactions: aposematic (warning) coloration in plants; in Baluska F (ed): Signaling and Communication in Plants. Heidelberg, Springer, 2009, pp 167-202.
15.
Lev-Yadun S, Ne'eman G, Izhaki I: Unripe red fruits may be aposematic. Plant Signal Behav 2009;4:836-841.
16.
Nowack R: Notfallhandbuch Giftpflanzen. Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Ärzte und Apotheker. Berlin/Heidelberg, Springer, 1998.
17.
Choi CQ: Different Tastes: How Our Human Ancestors Diets Evolved. Live Science, January 16, 2015. www.livescience.com/49477- human-ancestors-diet-taste-evolution.html.
18.
Bell KI, Tepper BJ: Short-term vegetable intake by young children classified by 6-n-propylthoiuracil bitter-taste phenotype. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:245-251.
19.
Greer MA: Goitrogenic substances in food. Am J Clin Nutr 1957;5:440-444.
20.
Zhou JR, Erdman JW Jr: Phytic acid in health and disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1995;35:495-508.
21.
Rosenthal GA, Hughes CG, Janzen DH: L-Canavanine, a dietary nitrogen source for the seed predator Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae). Science 1982;217:353-355.
22.
Nowack R: Review article: cytochrome P450 enzyme, and transport protein mediated herb-drug interactions in renal transplant patients: grapefruit juice, St John's Wort - and beyond! Nephrology (Carlton) 2008;13:337-347.
23.
Nowack R, Andrassy J, Fischereder M, Unger M: Effects of dietary factors on drug transport and metabolism: the impact on dosage guideline in transplant patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009;85:439-443.
24.
Breidenbach T, Kliem V, Burg M, Radermacher J, Hoffmann MW, Klempnauer J: Profound drop of cyclosporin A whole blood trough levels caused by St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Transplantation 2000;69:2229-2230.
25.
Dürr D, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA, et al: St. John's wort extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic cytochrome CYP3A4 in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:598-604.
26.
Herrera CM, Pellmyr O (eds): Plant-Animal Interactions. An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford, Blackwell, 2002.
27.
Lamba JK, Lin YS, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE: Genetic contribution to variable human CYP3A-mediated metabolism. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002;54:1271-1294.
28.
Wandel C, Witte JS, Hall JM, Stein CM, Wood AJ, Wilkinson GR: CYP3A activity in African American and European American men: population differences and functional effect of the CYP3A4*1B5ʼ-promoter region polymorphism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:82-91.
29.
Crettol S, Venetz JP, Fontana M, Aubert JD, Pascual M, Eap CB: CYP3A7, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, and ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms, cyclosporine concentration, and dose requirement in transplant recipients. Ther Drug Monit 2008;30:689-699.
30.
Dirks NL, Huth B, Yates CR, Meibohm B: Pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants: a perspective on ethnic differences. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42:701-718.
31.
Rothschild M, Kellett DN: Notes on the reactions of various predators to insects storing heart poisons (cardiac glycosides) in their tissues. J Entomol Ser A 1972;46:103-110.
32.
Honda K, Hayashi N, Abe F, Yamauchi T: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids mediate host-plant recognition by ovipositing females of an Old World danaid butterfly, Idea leuconoe. J Chem Ecol 1997;23:1703-1713.
33.
Malinow MR, Bardana EJ Jr, Pirofsky B, Craig S, McLaughlin P: Systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome in monkeys fed alfalfa sprouts: role of a nonprotein amino acid. Science 1982;216:415-417.
34.
Pantuck E, Pantuck C, Garland W, et al: Stimulatory effect of brussels sprouts and cabbage on human drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;25:88-95.
35.
Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho CG, Posner GH: A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli: isolation and elucidation of structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:2399-2403.
36.
Elbarbry F, Vermehren-Schmaedick A, Balkowiec A: Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in the rat kidney by sulforaphane: implications for regulation of blood pressure. ISRN Pharmacol 2014;2014:683508.
37.
Schindler G, Patzak U, Brinkhaus B, von Niecieck A, Wittig J, Krähmer N, Glöckl I, Veit M: Urinary excretion and metabolism of arbutin after oral administration of Arctostaphylos uvae ursi extract as film-coated tablets and aqueous solution in healthy humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2002;42:920-927.
38.
Nowack R: Die amerikanische Cranberry - Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. Z Phytother 2003;24:40-46.
39.
Nowack R, Birck R: Cranberry products in the prevention of urinary tract infections: examining the evidence. Botanics: Targets and Therapy 2015;5:45-54.
© 2016 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
2016
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.