... functions. The prime examples are noncoding genes on the X chromosome, which mitigate the differential dosage of genes on sex chromosomes. Here, we discuss the evolution of noncoding RNAs on the Y chromosome and the emerging evidence of how micro, long, and circular noncoding RNAs transcribed from the Y...

... markers normally sex-linked in P. vitticeps are also sex-linked in P. henrylawsoni and P. minor , which points to quite ancient sex chromosomes in this lineage. Nevertheless, we demonstrate, based on a crossing experiment with a male bearded dragon who possesses a mismatch between phenotypic sex...

...Alexander Kostmann; Lukáš Kratochvíl; Michail Rovatsos Squamate reptiles show high diversity in sex determination ranging from environmental sex determination to genotypic sex determination with varying degrees of differentiation of sex chromosomes. Unfortunately, we lack even basic information...

...Inas M. Mazen; Mona K. Mekkawy; Hanan M. Ibrahim; Alaa K. Kamel; Rasha T. Hamza; Aya A. Elaidy Disorders of sex development (DSD) are conditions with an abnormal development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex. Sex chromosome DSD involve conditions associated with either numerical...

... of the twin-spotted ratsnake ( Elaphe bimaculata ) with ZZW sex chromosomes. We speculate that as both ZZ and ZZW individuals develop male gonads, the ratio between the number of Z chromosomes and autosomes, and not the presence of the W chromosome in the genome, drives sex determination in the advanced...

... opportunities for the future development of mechanistic models that will further clarify how selection and developmental architecture interact to direct the evolution of sex determination genes. Genetic conflict Maternal effects Sex chromosomes Sex-differential fitness effects Sex ratio selection Sexual...

... and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Chromosomal aberrations Jordan Monosomy Sex chromosomes Turner syndrome Turner syndrome (TS) is considered...

...T. Raudsepp; P.J. Das; F. Avila; B.P. Chowdhary The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is a unique and specialized segment on the mammalian sex chromosomes with known functions in male meiosis and fertility. Detailed molecular studies of the region in human and mouse show dramatic differences between...

...U. Zechner; H. Hameister It was noted only recently that the mammalian X/Y sex chromosome system originated late in our therian ancestors. The question is, what makes the X/Y sex chromosome system so special that it has replaced the original Z/W sex chromosome system? Two classes of genes...

... to in the content or advertisements. FISH Horse PCR Sex chromosomes Sexual development disorders SRY gene Normal mammalian development permits sexual reproduction, which broadly includes a differentiated anatomy, physiology and behavior specific for each biological sex. Atypical sexual...

... physiology Sexual dimorphism Sex chromosomes National Institutes of Health (NIH) 10.13039/100000002 Sexual dimorphism arises as an inevitable consequence of evolutionary forces acting on sexually reproducing organisms. Male-female compatibility is clearly essential for successful...

... of species present the main features described for Sry in other mammals. Finally, FISH analyses on some of these species demonstrated that all Sry sequences, despite their functional status, mapped on the euchromatic short arm of the Y chromosome. Multiple copies Arvicolinae Sex chromosomes Sry gene...

... not associated with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Phylogeny compiled from the following sources: tetrapods [Hugall et al., 2007]; turtles [Iverson et al., 2007]; squamates [Vidal and Hedges, 2009]. Sex determining mechanisms were taken from multiple sources, including recent reviews of vertebrate sex...

... diversity in the ways that they determine sex. These different mechanisms, which include constitutive genetic mechanisms on sex chromosomes, polygenic constitutive mechanisms, environmental influences, hermaphroditism, and unisexuality have each originated numerous independent times in the teleosts...

...A.M. Dutrillaux; B. Dutrillaux The presence of a parachute sex chromosome bivalent (Xyp) at metaphase I of male meiosis is a well-known characteristic of Coleoptera, present in almost all families of this order and assumed to represent their ancestral sex chromosome formula. Sex chromosomes appear...

... biology of monotremes and discuss works that unravel genes involved in lactation, testicular descent, gamete biology and fertilization, and early development. In addition we discuss works on the evolution of the complex sex chromosome system in platypus and echidna, which has also significant impact...