The purpose of the present article is to briefly highlight some contributions of Prof. Howard I. Maibach to the field of dermatology. After a few introducing remarks regarding Howard's personal career, the article specifically reviews contributions to the understanding of percutaneous absorption and to occupational dermatology. He and his companions/coworkers established and introduced experimental prerequisites to better study and understand percutaneous absorption - both in vitro and in vivo. Not less influential was his contribution to occupational dermatology acting as a founding member of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group and coinaugurating the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. These groups have been very active ever since. As an academic teacher, he inspired young colleagues to perform original research work and to establish their own working groups. He has done this most successfully with many fellows who worked with him over the years, and who are now leading departments or companies dedicated to dermatological research all over the world. Probably this is his most important and lasting achievement.

Keywords:
Percutaneous absorption, Occupational dermatology, Contact urticaria syndrome
1.
Goldsmith LA: Remembering Marion Sulzberger, 1895-1983. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:V.
2.
Epstein E, Maibach HI: Sulzberger and the patch test: a winning combination. Int J Dermatol 1977;16:360-361.
3.
Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI: Penetration of 14C hydrocortisone through normal skin: the effect of stripping and occlusion. Arch Dermatol 1965;91:661-666.
4.
Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI: Regional variation in percutaneous penetration of 14C cortisol in man. J Invest Dermatol 1967;48:181-183.
5.
Maibach HI, Feldmann RJ: Regional variation in percutaneous penetration in man. Arch Environ Health 1971;23:208-211.
6.
Guy RH, Maibach HI: Calculations of body exposure from percutaneous absorption data; in Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI (eds): Topical Absorption of Dermatological Products. New York, Dekker, 2002, chapt 21.
7.
Robertson DB, Maibach HI: Dermatologic pharmacology; in Katzung BG (ed): Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, ed 2. Los Altos, Lange Medical Publications, 1984, chapt 63.
8.
Wester RC, Tanojo H, Hui XY, Zhai H, Maibach HI, Olajos E, Salem H: Human risk assessment of chemical warfare agents from skin exposure; in Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI (eds): Percutaneous Absorption, Drugs - Cosmetics - Mechanisms - Methodology, ed 4.Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis, 2005, chapt 40.
9.
Wester RC, Maibach HI, Sedik L, Melendres J, Liao CL, Di Zio S: Percutaneous absorption of (14C) chlordane from soil. J Toxicol Environ Health 1992;35:269-277.
10.
Wester RC, Maibach HI, Bucks DA, McMaster J, Mobayen M, Sarason R, Moore A: Percutaneous absorption and skin decontamination of PCBs: in vitro studies with human skin and in vivo studies in the rhesus monkey. J Toxicol Environ Health 1990;31:235-246.
11.
Wester RC, Maibach HI, Sedik L, Melendres J, Wade M: Percutaneous absorption of PCBs from soil: in vivo rhesus monkey, in vitro human skin, and binding to powdered human stratum corneum. J Toxicol Environ Health 1993;39:375-382.
12.
Ross JH, Driver JH, Harris SA, Maibach HI: Dermal absorption of 2,4-D: a review of species differences. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005;41:82-91.
13.
Wester RC, Maibach HI, Sedik L, Melendres J, Wade M: In vivo and in vitro percutaneous absorption and skin decontamination of arsenic from water and soil. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1993;20:336-340.
14.
Wester RC, Maibach HI, Sedik L, Melendres J, Di Zio S, Wade M: In vitro percutaneous absorption of cadmium from water and soil into human skin. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1992;19:1-5.
15.
Gerby J, Wester RC, Maibach HI: Percutaneous absorption of hazardous substances from soil and water; in Wilhelm KP, Zhai H, Maibach HI (eds): Dermatotoxicology, ed 8.London, Informa Healthcare, 2012, chapt 45.
16.
Wester RC, Melendres J, Sarason R, McMaster J, Maibach HI: Glyphosate skin binding, absorption, residual tissue distribution, and skin decontamination. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991;16:725-732.
17.
Moody RP, Maibach HI: Skin decontamination: importance of the wash-in effect. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44:1783-1788.
18.
Zhai H, Barbadillo S, Hui X, Maibach HI: In vitro model for decontamination of human skin: formaldehyde. Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45:618-621.
19.
Hui X, Domoradzki JY, Maibach HC: In vitro study to determine decontamination of 3,5- dichloro-2,4,6-trifluoropyridine (DCTFP) from human skin. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50:2496-2502.
20.
Chan HP, Zhai H, Hui X, Maibach HI: Skin decontamination: principles and perspectives. Toxicol Ind Health 2012, DOI: 10.1177/0748233712448112.
21.
Wester RC, Maibach HI: Human skin binding and absorption of contaminants from ground and surface water during swimming and bathing. J Am Coll Toxicol 1989;8:853-859.
22.
Surber C, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI, Hall LL, Guy RH: Partitioning of chemicals into human stratum corneum: implications for risk assessment following dermal exposure. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1990;15:99-107.
23.
Menczel E, Maibach HI: In vitro human percutaneous penetration of benzyl alcohol and testosterone: epidermal-dermal retention. J Invest Dermatol 1970;54:386-394.
24.
Johnson HL, Maibach HI: Drug excretion in human eccrine sweat. J Invest Dermatol 1971;56:182-188.
25.
Wester RC, Noonan PK, Cole MP, Maibach HI: Percutaneous absorption of testosterone in the newborn rhesus monkey: comparison to the adult. Pediatr Res 1977;11:737-739.
26.
Corcuff P, Lotte C, Rougier A, Maibach HI: Racial differences in corneocytes. A comparison between black, white and oriental skin. Acta Derm Venereol 1991;71:146-148.
27.
Bronaugh RL, Wester RC, Bucks D, Maibach HI, Sarason R: In vivo percutaneous absorption of fragrance ingredients in rhesus monkeys and humans. Food Chem Toxicol 1990;28:369-373.
28.
Roskos KV, Maibach HI, Guy RH: The effect of aging on percutaneous absorption in man. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1989;17:617-630.
29.
Hui X, Chan TC, Barbadillo S, Lee C, Maibach HI, Wester RC: Enhanced econazole penetration into human nail by 2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane. J Pharm Sci 2003;92:142-148.
30.
Wester RC, Maibach H: Cutaneous pharmacokinetics: 10 steps to percutaneous absorption. Drug Metab Rev 1983;14:169-205.
31.
Thrall KD, Poet TS, Corley RA, Tanojo H, Edwards JA, Weitz KK, Hui X, Maibach HI, Wester RC: A real-time in vivo method for studying the percutaneous absorption of volatile chemicals. Int J Occup Environ Health 2000;6:96-103.
32.
Poet TS, Weitz KK, Gies RA, Edwards JA, Thrall KD, Corley RA, Tanojo H, Hui X, Maibach HI, Wester RC: PBPK modeling of the percutaneous absorption of perchloroethylene from a soil matrix in rats and humans. Toxicol Sci 2002;67:17-31.
33.
Maibach HI, Feldman RJ: Systemic absorption of pesticides through the skin of man; in Task Group on Occupational Exposure to Pesticides (ed): Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Report to the Federal Working Group on Pest Management from the Task Group on Occupational Exposure to Pesticides. Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1974, appendix B, pp 120-127.
34.
Surber C, Wilhelm KP, Hori M, Maibach HI, Guy RH: Optimization of topical therapy: partitioning of drugs into stratum corneum. Pharm Res 1990;7:1320-1324.
35.
Kubota K, Maibach HI: A compartment model for percutaneous absorption: compatibility of lag time and steady-state flux with diffusion model. J Pharm Sci 1992;81:863-865.
36.
Rougier A, Dupuis D, Lotte C, Roguet R, Wester RC, Maibach HI: Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in man: measurement by stripping method. Arch Dermatol Res 1986;278:465-469.
37.
Rougier A, Lotte C, Maibach HI: In vivo percutaneous penetration of some organic compounds related to anatomic site in humans: predictive assessment by the stripping method. J Pharm Sci 1987;76:451-454.
38.
Ngo MA, Maibach HI: 15 factors of percutaneous penetration of pesticides; in Knaak JB, Timchalk C, Tornero-Velez R (eds): Parameters for Pesticide QSAR and PBPK/PD Models for Human Risk Assessment. ACS Symposium Series. Washington, American Chemical Society, 2012, vol 1099, chapt 6, pp 67-86.
39.
Hui X, Lamel S, Qiao P, Maibach HI: Isolated human/animal stratum corneum as a partial model for 15 steps in percutaneous absorption: emphasizing decontamination. Part I. J Appl Toxicol 2013;33:157-172.
40.
Hui X, Lamel S, Qiao P, Maibach HI: Isolated human and animal stratum corneum as a partial model for the 15 steps of percutaneous absorption: emphasizing decontamination. Part II. J Appl Toxicol 2013;33:173-182.
41.
Lindsay C, Feldmann R, Maibach HI: Method of preparation and application of small quantities of semi-solid topicals. Arch Dermatol Res 1976;257:89-91.
42.
Lo JS, Oriba HA, Maibach HI, Bailin PL: Transepidermal potassium ion, chloride ion, and water flux across delipidized and cellophane tape-stripped skin. Dermatologica 1990;180:66-68.
43.
Melendres JL, Bucks DA, Camel E, Wester RC, Maibach HI: In vivo percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone: multiple-application dosing in man. Pharm Res 1992;9:1164-1167.
44.
Surber C, Wilhelm KP, Bermann D, Maibach HI: In vivo skin penetration of acitretin in volunteers using three sampling techniques. Pharm Res 1993;10:1291-1294.
45.
Jungman E, Pirot F, Maibach HI: Ex vivo calcium percutaneous eggression in normal and tape-stripped human skin. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:1-6.
46.
Kubota K, Sznitowska M, Maibach HI: Percutaneous absorption: a single-layer model. J Pharm Sci 1993;82:450-456.
47.
Group ICDR: Terminology of contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1970;50:287-292.
48.
Adams RM, Maibach HI: A five-year study of cosmetic reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:1062-1069.
49.
Maibach HI, Johnson HL: Contact urticaria syndrome. Contact urticaria to diethyltoluamide (immediate-type hypersensitivity). Arch Dermatol 1975;111:726-730.
50.
Von Krogh G, Maibach HI: The contact urticaria syndrome - an updated review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5:328-342.
51.
Kerner J, Mitchell J, Maibach HI: Irritant contact dermatitis from Agave americana L. Incorrect use of sap as ‘hair restorer'. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:102-103.
52.
Andersen KE, Maibach HI: Cumulative irritancy in the guinea pig from low grade irritant vehicles and the angry skin syndrome. Contact Dermatitis 1980;6:430-434.
53.
Wahlberg JE, Maibach HI: Sterile cutaneous pustules: a manifestation of primary irritancy? Identification of contact pustulogens. J Invest Dermatol 1981;76:381-383.
54.
Berardesca E, Maibach HI: Bioengineering and the patch test. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18:3-9.
55.
Freeman S, Maibach H: Study of irritant contact dermatitis produced by repeat patch test with sodium lauryl sulfate and assessed by visual methods, transepidermal water loss, and laser Doppler velocimetry. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:496-502.
56.
Lammintausta K, Maibach HI, Wilson D: Susceptibility to cumulative and acute irritant dermatitis. An experimental approach in human volunteers. Contact Dermatitis 1988;19:84-90.
57.
Watkins SA, Maibach HI: The hardening phenomenon in irritant contact dermatitis: an interpretative update. Contact Dermatitis 2009;60:123-130.
58.
Lammintausta K, Maibach HI: Exogenous and endogenous factors in skin irritation. Int J Dermatol 1988;27:213-222.
59.
Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI: Factors predisposing to cutaneous irritation. Dermatol Clin 1990;8:17-22.
60.
Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI: Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritant contact dermatitis in vulvar and forearm skin of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:648-652.
61.
Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI: Irritant effect of a model surfactant on the human vulva and forearm. Age-related differences. J Reprod Med 1990;35:1035-1039.
62.
Maguire HC, Maibach HI, Minisce LW: Inhibition of guinea pig anaphylactic sensitization with cyclophosphoramide. J Invest Dermatol 1961;362:35-36.
63.
Marzulli FN, Maibach HI: Effects of vehicles and elicitation concentration in contact dermatitis testing. I. Experimental contact sensitization in humans. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2:325-329.
64.
Fischer T, Maibach H: Finn chamber patch test technique. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11:137-140.
65.
Fischer TI, Maibach HI: The thin layer rapid use epicutaneous test (TRUE-test), a new patch test method with high accuracy. Br J Dermatol 1985;112:63-68.
66.
Cronin E, Bandmann HJ, Calnan CD, Fregert S, Hjorth N, Magnusson B: Contact dermatitis in the atopic. Acta Derm Venereol 1970;50:183-187.
67.
Hogan DJ, Dannaker CJ, Lal S, Maibach HI: An international survey on the prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis of the hands. Derm Beruf Umwelt 1990;38:143-147.
68.
Hogan DJ, Dannaker CJ, Maibach HI: The prognosis of contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:300-307.
69.
Hogan DJ, Dannaker CJ, Maibach HI: Contact dermatitis: prognosis, risk factors, and rehabilitation. Semin Dermatol 1990;9:233-246.
70.
Hatch KL, Maibach HI: Textile dye dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:631-639.
71.
Lachapelle J-M, Maibach HI: Patch Testing and Prick Testing: A Practical Guide: Official Publication of the ICDRG. Berlin, Springer, 2009.
72.
Maibach HI, Menné T: Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1989.
73.
Menné T, Maibach HI: Exogenous Dermatoses: Environmental Dermatitis. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1991.
74.
Chew A-L, Maibach HI: Irritant Dermatitis. Berlin, Springer, 2006.
75.
Maibach HI, Gellin GA: Occupational and Industrial Dermatology. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1982.
76.
Kanerva L: Handbook of Occupational Dermatology. Berlin, Springer, 2000.
77.
Rustemeyer T, Elsner P, John SM, Maibach HI: Kanervas's Occupational Dermatology. Berlin, Springer, 2012.
78.
Menné T, Maibach HI: Hand Eczema. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2000.
79.
Boman A, Estlander T, Wahlberg JE, Maibach HI: Protective Gloves for Occupational Use. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2005.
© 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel
2013
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