... nicotine also reduces nicotine-induced dopamine release in the reward pathway of the brain and the reinstatement of nicotine responding, a model for relapse. Because nicotine vaccines target the drug rather than the brain, and the antibodies themselves do not cross the blood-brain barrier, immunization...

... in developed countries remain tobacco smokers. The drugs presently used in smoking cessation have limited efficiency and, therefore, there is a need for alternative and improved treatments. One novel approach in this regard may be provided by immunization against nicotine. Objective: The present study in male...