Introduction: Despite the similarities in poor social competence and clinical manifestations of poor social behavior, no study has compared the theory of mind performance between social anxiety disorder (SAD) and schizophrenia, considering the effect of social-evaluative anxiety and neurocognitive functions. In our study, we aimed to compare the theory of mind functions and social-evaluative anxiety between patients with SAD and schizophrenia and healthy controls and to examine the relationship between the theory of mind, neurocognitive skills, and social-evaluative anxiety. Methods: Thirty-four consecutive patients with schizophrenia, 29 patients with SAD, and 30 controls matched by age, education level, and sex were enrolled in the study. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM, Beck Depression Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Theory of Mind measures (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Hinting Task, Faux Pas Test), Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale, Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Short Form, and neuropsychological tests were administered to all participants. Results: A greater significant deterioration in theory of mind and neurocognitive functions was found in patients with schizophrenia compared to those with SAD and healthy controls. Social evaluation anxiety was highest in patients with SAD. Although social-evaluative anxiety was associated with the theory of mind function in schizophrenia, only fear of positive evaluation was associated with SAD. In all groups, neither theory of mind nor neurocognitive ability measures were correlated with social anxiety levels and related symptoms. Conclusions: The impaired theory of mind functioning detected in our study is more prominent in the schizophrenia group and largely independent of anxiety in schizophrenia and SAD. Although social evaluation anxiety, as a transdiagnostic concept, seems to be independent of theory of mind function in general, fear of positive evaluation seems to be associated with hinting in both disorders.

1.
Green
MF
,
Horan
WP
,
Lee
J
.
Social cognition in schizophrenia
.
Nat Rev Neurosci
.
2015
;
16
(
10
):
620
31
.
2.
Green
MF
,
Horan
WP
.
Social cognition in schizophrenia
.
Curr Dir Psychol Sci
.
2010
;
19
(
4
):
243
8
.
3.
Bora
E
,
Gökçen
S
,
Veznedaroglu
B
.
Empathic abilities in people with schizophrenia
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2008
;
160
(
1
):
23
9
.
4.
Rejón Altable
C
,
Vidal Castro
C
,
López Santín
JM
.
Concept of representation and mental symptoms the case of theory of mind
.
Psychopathology
.
2009
;
42
(
4
):
219
28
.
5.
Sabbagh
MA
.
Understanding orbitofrontal contributions to theory-of-mind reasoning: implications for autism
.
Brain Cogn
.
2004
;
55
(
1
):
209
19
.
6.
Sabbagh
MA
,
Bowman
LC
,
Evraire
LE
,
Ito
JM
.
Neurodevelopmental correlates of theory of mind in preschool children
.
Child Dev
.
2009
;
80
(
4
):
1147
62
.
7.
Aboulafia-Brakha
T
,
Christe
B
,
Martory
MD
,
Annoni
JM
.
Theory of mind tasks and executive functions: a systematic review of group studies in neurology
.
J Neuropsychol
.
2011
5
Pt 1
39
55
.
8.
Sprong
M
,
Schothorst
P
,
Vos
E
,
Hox
J
,
van Engeland
H
.
Theory of mind in schizophrenia: meta-analysis
.
Br J Psychiatry
.
2007
;
191
:
5
13
.
9.
Fett
AK
,
Viechtbauer
W
,
Dominguez
MD
,
Penn
DL
,
van Os
J
,
Krabbendam
L
.
The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev
.
2011
;
35
(
3
):
573
88
.
10.
Schmidt
SJ
,
Mueller
DR
,
Roder
V
.
Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2011
37
Suppl 2
41
54
.
11.
Bora
E
,
Pantelis
C
.
Theory of mind impairments in first-episode psychosis, individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis
.
Schizophr Res
.
2013
144
1–3
31
6
.
12.
Green
MF
,
Bearden
CE
,
Cannon
TD
,
Fiske
AP
,
Hellemann
GS
,
Horan
WP
.
Social cognition in schizophrenia, Part 1: performance across phase of illness
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2012
;
38
(
4
):
854
64
.
13.
Horan
WP
,
Green
MF
,
DeGroot
M
,
Fiske
A
,
Hellemann
G
,
Kee
K
.
Social cognition in schizophrenia, Part 2: 12-month stability and prediction of functional outcome in first-episode patients
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2012
;
38
(
4
):
865
72
.
14.
Ozguven
HD
,
Oner
O
,
Baskak
B
,
Oktem
F
,
Olmez
S
,
Munir
K
.
Theory of mind in schizophrenia and asperger's syndrome: relationship with negative symptoms
.
Klinik Psikofarmakol Bulteni
.
2010
;
20
(
1
):
5
13
.
15.
Brown
EC
,
Tas
C
,
Can
H
,
Esen-Danaci
A
,
Brüne
M
.
A closer look at the relationship between the subdomains of social functioning, social cognition and symptomatology in clinically stable patients with schizophrenia
.
Compr Psychiatry
.
2014
;
55
(
1
):
25
32
.
16.
Vodušek
VV
,
Parnas
J
,
Tomori
M
,
Škodlar
B
.
The phenomenology of emotion experience in first-episode psychosis
.
Psychopathology
.
2014
;
47
(
4
):
252
60
.
17.
Brüne
M
.
“Theory of mind” in schizophrenia: a review of the literature
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2005
;
31
(
1
):
21
42
.
18.
Shamay-Tsoory
SG
,
Shur
S
,
Barcai-Goodman
L
,
Medlovich
S
,
Harari
H
,
Levkovitz
Y
.
Dissociation of cognitive from affective components of theory of mind in schizophrenia
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2007
149
1–3
11
23
.
19.
Buhlmann
U
,
Wacker
R
,
Dziobek
I
.
Inferring other people’s states of mind: comparison across social anxiety, body dysmorphic, and obsessive-compulsive disorders
.
J Anxiety Disord
.
2015
;
34
:
107
13
.
20.
Hezel
DM
,
McNally
RJ
.
Theory of mind impairments in social anxiety disorder
.
Behav Ther
.
2014
;
45
(
4
):
530
40
.
21.
Küçükparlak
İ
,
Karaş
H
,
Kaşer
M
,
Yildirim
EA
.
The relationship of theory of mind and attachment characteristics with disease severity in social anxiety disorder
.
Noro Psikiyatr Ars
.
2021
;
58
(
1
):
63
7
.
22.
Maleki
G
,
Zabihzadeh
A
,
Richman
MJ
,
Demetrovics
Z
,
Mohammadnejad
F
.
Decoding and reasoning mental states in major depression and social anxiety disorder
.
BMC Psychiatry
.
2020
;
20
(
1
):
463
.
23.
Öztürk
Y
,
Özyurt
G
,
Turan
S
,
Mutlu
C
,
Tufan
AE
,
Pekcanlar Akay
A
.
Association of theory of mind and empathy abilities in adolescents with social anxiety disorder
.
Curr Psychol
.
2020
;
41
(
4
):
1778
87
.
24.
Washburn
D
,
Wilson
G
,
Roes
M
,
Rnic
K
,
Harkness
KL
.
Theory of mind in social anxiety disorder, depression, and comorbid conditions
.
J Anxiety Disord
.
2016
;
37
:
71
7
.
25.
Dziobek
I
,
Fleck
S
,
Kalbe
E
,
Rogers
K
,
Hassenstab
J
,
Brand
M
.
Introducing MASC: a movie for the assessment of social cognition
.
J Autism Dev Disord
.
2006
;
36
(
5
):
623
36
.
26.
Kalkstein
S
,
Hurford
I
,
Gur
RC
.
Neurocognition in schizophrenia
.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci
.
2010
;
4
:
373
90
.
27.
Asmundson
GJ
,
Stein
MB
,
Larsen
DK
,
Walker
JR
.
Neurocognitive function in panic disorder and social phobia patients
.
Anxiety
.
1994
;
1
(
5
):
201
7
.
28.
Airaksinen
E
,
Larsson
M
,
Forsell
Y
.
Neuropsychological functions in anxiety disorders in population-based samples: evidence of episodic memory dysfunction
.
J Psychiatr Res
.
2005
;
39
(
2
):
207
14
.
29.
Topçuoğlu
V
,
Fistikci
N
,
Ekinci
O
,
Gimzal Gönentür
A
,
Cömert Agouridas
B
.
Sosyal fobide yönetici işlevlerin Wisconsin Kart Eşleme Testi ile değerlendirilmesi (Assessment of executive functions in social phobia patients using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test)
.
Turk Psikiyatri Derg
.
2009
;
20
(
4
):
322
31
.
30.
Cohen
LJ
,
Hollander
E
,
DeCaria
CM
,
Stein
DJ
,
Simeon
D
,
Liebowitz
MR
.
Specificity of neuropsychological impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison with social phobic and normal control subjects
.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
.
1996
;
8
(
1
):
82
5
.
31.
Wenzel
A
,
Holt
CS
.
Memory bias against threat in social phobia
.
Br J Clin Psychol
.
2002
41
Pt 1
73
9
.
32.
Sachs
G
,
Anderer
P
,
Margreiter
N
,
Semlitsch
H
,
Saletu
B
,
Katschnig
H
.
P300 event-related potentials and cognitive function in social phobia
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2004
;
131
(
3
):
249
61
.
33.
Sutterby
SR
,
Bedwell
JS
.
Lack of neuropsychological deficits in generalized social phobia
.
PLoS One
.
2012
;
7
(
8
):
e42675
.
34.
Fujii
Y
,
Kitagawa
N
,
Shimizu
Y
,
Mitsui
N
,
Toyomaki
A
,
Hashimoto
N
.
Severity of generalized social anxiety disorder correlates with low executive functioning
.
Neurosci Lett
.
2013
;
543
:
42
6
.
35.
Morrison
AS
,
Heimberg
RG
.
Social anxiety and social anxiety disorder
.
Annu Rev Clin Psychol
.
2013
;
9
:
249
74
.
36.
Alvi
T
,
Kouros
CD
,
Lee
J
,
Fulford
D
,
Tabak
BA
.
Social anxiety is negatively associated with theory of mind and empathic accuracy
.
J Abnorm Psychol
.
2020
;
129
(
1
):
108
13
.
37.
Plana
I
,
Lavoie
MA
,
Battaglia
M
,
Achim
AM
.
A meta-analysis and scoping review of social cognition performance in social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders
.
J Anxiety Disord
.
2014
;
28
(
2
):
169
77
.
38.
O'Toole
MS
,
Hougaard
E
,
Mennin
DS
.
Social anxiety and emotion knowledge: a meta-analysis
.
J Anxiety Disord
.
2013
;
27
(
1
):
98
108
.
39.
Voges
M
,
Addington
J
.
The association between social anxiety and social functioning in first episode psychosis
.
Schizophr Res
.
2005
76
2–3
287
92
.
40.
Abdel-Hamid
M
,
Lehmkämper
C
,
Sonntag
C
,
Juckel
G
,
Daum
I
,
Brüne
M
.
Theory of mind in schizophrenia: the role of clinical symptomatology and neurocognition in understanding other people’s thoughts and intentions
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2009
165
1–2
19
26
.
41.
Lysaker
PH
,
Salvatore
G
,
Grant
ML
,
Procacci
M
,
Olesek
KL
,
Buck
KD
.
Deficits in theory of mind and social anxiety as independent paths to paranoid features in schizophrenia
.
Schizophr Res
.
2010
124
1–3
81
5
.
42.
Samson
AC
,
Lackner
HK
,
Weiss
EM
,
Papousek
I
.
Perception of other people's mental states affects humor in social anxiety
.
J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry
.
2012
;
43
(
1
):
625
31
.
43.
Heimberg
RG
,
Brozovich
FA
,
Rapee
RM
.
A cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: update and extension
. In:
Hofmann
SG
,
DiBartolo
PM
, editors.
Social anxiety: clinical, developmental, and social perspectives
Elsevier Academic Press
2010
. p.
395
422
.
44.
Rapee
RM
,
Heimberg
RG
.
A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia
.
Behav Res Ther
.
1997
;
35
(
8
):
741
56
.
45.
Kinoshita
Y
,
Kingdon
D
,
Kinoshita
K
,
Kinoshita
Y
,
Saka
K
,
Arisue
Y
.
Fear of negative evaluation is associated with delusional ideation in non-clinical population and patients with schizophrenia
.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
.
2011
;
46
(
8
):
703
10
.
46.
Reichenberger
J
,
Blechert
J
.
Malaise with praise: a narrative review of 10 years of research on the concept of fear of positive evaluation in social anxiety
.
Depress Anxiety
.
2018
;
35
(
12
):
1228
38
.
47.
Fredrick
JW
,
Luebbe
AM
.
Fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety: a systematic review of trait-based findings
.
J Affect Disord
.
2020
;
265
:
157
68
.
48.
Yap
K
,
Gibbs
AL
,
Francis
AJ
,
Schuster
SE
.
Testing the bivalent fear of evaluation model of social anxiety: the relationship between fear of positive evaluation, social anxiety, and perfectionism
.
Cogn Behav Ther
.
2016
;
45
(
2
):
136
49
.
49.
Levinson
CA
,
Rodebaugh
TL
,
White
EK
,
Menatti
AR
,
Weeks
JW
,
Iacovino
JM
.
Social appearance anxiety, perfectionism, and fear of negative evaluation: distinct or shared risk factors for social anxiety and eating disorders
.
Appetite
.
2013
;
67
:
125
33
.
50.
Levinson
CA
,
Rodebaugh
TL
.
Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: the role of negative social evaluation fears
.
Eat Behav
.
2012
;
13
(
1
):
27
35
.
51.
Beck
AT
,
Steer
RA
,
Brown
GK
.
Manual for the beck depression inventory-II
San Antonio, TX
Psychological Corporation
1996
.
52.
Kapci
EG
,
Uslu
R
,
Turkcapar
H
,
Karaoglan
A
.
Beck depression inventory II: evaluation of the psychometric properties and cut-off points in a Turkish adult population
.
Depress Anxiety
.
2008
25
10
E104
10
.
53.
Kay
SR
,
Fiszbein
A
,
Opler
LA
.
The Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia
.
Schizophr Bull
.
1987
;
13
(
2
):
261
76
.
54.
Kostakoğlu
AE
,
Batur
S
,
Tiryaki
A
,
Göğüş
A
.
Pozitif ve Negatif Sendrom Ölçeğinin (PANSS) Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği
.
Türk Psikoloji Dergisi
.
1999
;
14
(
44
):
23
32
.
55.
Liebowitz
MR
.
Social phobia
.
Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry
.
1987
;
22
:
141
73
.
56.
Soykan
C
,
Ozgüven
HD
,
Gençöz
T
.
Liebowitz social anxiety scale: the Turkish version
.
Psychol Rep
.
2003
93
3 Pt 2
1059
69
.
57.
Pallanti
S
,
Quercioli
L
,
Hollander
E
.
Social anxiety in outpatients with schizophrenia: a relevant cause of disability
.
Am J Psychiatry
.
2004
;
161
(
1
):
53
8
.
58.
Leary
MR
.
A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale
.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull
.
1983
;
9
(
3
):
371
5
.
59.
Çetin
B
,
Doğan
T
,
Sapmaz
F
.
Olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu ölçeği kısa formu’nun türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması
.
Eğitim Ve Bilim
.
2010
;
35
:
156
.
60.
Koydemir
S
,
Demir
A
.
Psychometric properties of the brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale in a Turkish sample
.
Psychol Rep
.
2007
100
3 Pt 1
883
93
.
61.
Hart
TA
,
Flora
DB
,
Palyo
SA
,
Fresco
DM
,
Holle
C
,
Heimberg
RG
.
Development and examination of the social appearance anxiety scale
.
Assessment
.
2008
;
15
(
1
):
48
59
.
62.
Dogan
T
.
Turkish adaptation of Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) validity and reliability study
.
Hacettepe Univ J Educ
.
2010
;
39
:
151
9
.
63.
Baron-Cohen
S
,
Wheelwright
S
,
Hill
J
,
Raste
Y
,
Plumb
I
.
The “Reading the mind in the eyes” test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism
.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry
.
2001
;
42
(
2
):
241
51
.
64.
Yıldırım
EA
,
Kaşar
M
,
Güdük
M
,
Ateş
E
,
Küçükparlak
I
,
Ozalmete
EO
.
Investigation of the reliability of the “reading the mind in the eyes test” in a Turkish population
.
Turk Psikiyatri Derg
.
2011
;
22
(
3
):
177
86
.
65.
Bora
E
,
Gökçen
S
,
Kayahan
B
,
Veznedaroglu
B
.
Deficits of social-cognitive and social-perceptual aspects of theory of mind in remitted patients with schizophrenia: effect of residual symptoms
.
J Nerv Ment Dis
.
2008
;
196
(
2
):
95
9
.
66.
Harkness
KL
,
Sabbagh
MA
,
Jacobson
JA
,
Chowdrey
NK
,
Chen
T
.
Enhanced accuracy of mental state decoding in dysphoric college students
.
Cogn Emot
.
2005
;
19
(
7
):
999
1025
.
67.
Lindgren
M
,
Torniainen-Holm
M
,
Heiskanen
I
,
Voutilainen
G
,
Pulkkinen
U
,
Mehtala
T
.
Theory of mind in a first-episode psychosis population using the hinting task
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2018
;
263
:
185
92
.
68.
Corcoran
R
,
Frith
CD
.
Thematic reasoning and theory of mind. Accounting for social inference difficulties in schizophrenia
.
Evol Psychol
.
2005
;
3
:
147470490500300
.
69.
Klein
HS
,
Springfield
CR
,
Bass
E
,
Ludwig
K
,
Penn
DL
,
Harvey
PD
.
Measuring mentalizing: a comparison of scoring methods for the hinting task
.
Int J Methods Psychiatr Res
.
2020
;
29
(
2
):
e1827
.
70.
Baron-Cohen
S
,
O'Riordan
M
,
Stone
V
,
Jones
R
,
Plaisted
K
.
Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism
.
J Autism Dev Disord
.
1999
;
29
(
5
):
407
18
.
71.
Croca
M
,
Lagodka
A
,
Gadel
R
,
Bourdel
MC
,
Bendjemaa
N
,
Gaillard
R
.
Theory of mind and schizophrenia in young and middle-aged patients: influence of executive functions
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2018
;
259
:
532
7
.
72.
Mesholam-Gately
RI
,
Giuliano
AJ
,
Goff
KP
,
Faraone
SV
,
Seidman
LJ
.
Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review
.
Neuropsychology
.
2009
;
23
(
3
):
315
36
.
73.
First
MB
,
Spitzer
RL
,
Gibbon
M
,
Williams
JBW
.
Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders, clinician version (SCID-CV)
Washington, DC
American Psychiatric Press
1996
.
74.
Çorapçioǧlu
A
,
Aydemir
O
,
Yıldız
M
,
Esen-Danaci
A
.
Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders -clinical version (SCID-CV) in Turkish version: study of reliability
.
İlaç ve Tedavi Derg
.
1999
;
12
:
233
6
.
75.
Erdfelder
E
,
Faul
F
,
Buchner
A
.
GPOWER: a general power analysis program
.
Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput
.
1996
;
28
:
1
11
.
76.
Cohen
J
.
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
2nd ed.
Hillsdale, NJ
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers
1988
.
77.
Cassetta
B
,
Goghari
V
.
Theory of mind reasoning in schizophrenia patients and non-psychotic relatives
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2014
218
1–2
12
9
.
78.
Brüne
M
.
Emotion recognition, “theory of mind,” and social behavior in schizophrenia
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2005
133
2–3
135
47
.
79.
Kettle
JW
,
O'Brien-Simpson
L
,
Allen
NB
.
Impaired theory of mind in first-episode schizophrenia: comparison with community, university and depressed controls
.
Schizophr Res
.
2008
99
1–3
96
102
.
80.
Charernboon
T
.
Negative and neutral valences of affective theory of mind are more impaired than positive valence in clinically stable schizophrenia patients
.
Psychiatry Investig
.
2020
;
17
(
5
):
460
4
.
81.
Tadmor
H
,
Levin
M
,
Dadon
T
,
Meiman
ME
,
Ajameeh
A
,
Mazzawi
H
.
Decoding emotion of the other differs among schizophrenia patients and schizoaffective patients: a pilot study
.
Schizophr Res Cogn
.
2016
;
5
:
13
20
.
82.
Kosmidis
MH
,
Bozikas
VP
,
Giannakou
M
,
Anezoulaki
D
,
Fantie
BD
,
Karavatos
A
.
Impaired emotion perception in schizophrenia: a differential deficit
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2007
149
1–3
279
84
.
83.
Cacioppo
JT
,
Gardner
WL
.
Emotion
.
Annu Rev Psychol
.
1999
;
50
:
191
214
.
84.
Lenton-Brym
AP
,
Moscovitch
DA
,
Vidovic
V
,
Nilsen
E
,
Friedman
O
.
Theory of mind ability in high socially anxious individuals
.
Anxiety Stress Coping
.
2018
;
31
(
5
):
487
99
.
85.
Chen
J
,
Milne
K
,
Dayman
J
,
Kemps
E
.
Interpretation bias and social anxiety: does interpretation bias mediate the relationship between trait social anxiety and state anxiety responses
.
Cogn Emot
.
2019
;
33
(
4
):
630
45
.
86.
Firmin
RL
,
Luther
L
,
Salyers
MP
,
Buck
KD
,
Lysaker
PH
.
Greater metacognition and lower fear of negative evaluation: potential factors contributing to improved stigma resistance among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia
.
Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci
.
2017
;
54
(
1
):
50
4
.
87.
Dickinson
D
,
Ramsey
ME
,
Gold
JM
.
Overlooking the obvious: a meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia
.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
.
2007
;
64
(
5
):
532
42
.
88.
Waechter
S
,
Moscovitch
DA
,
Vidovic
V
,
Bielak
T
,
Rowa
K
,
McCabe
RE
.
Working memory capacity in social anxiety disorder: revisiting prior conclusions
.
J Abnorm Psychol
.
2018
;
127
(
3
):
276
81
.
89.
Amir
N
,
Bomyea
J
.
Working memory capacity in generalized social phobia
.
J Abnorm Psychol
.
2011
;
120
(
2
):
504
9
.
90.
Eysenck
MW
,
Derakshan
N
,
Santos
R
,
Calvo
MG
.
Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory
.
Emotion
.
2007
;
7
(
2
):
336
53
.
91.
O’Toole
MS
,
Pedersen
AD
,
Hougaard
E
,
Rosenberg
NK
.
Neuropsychological test performance in social anxiety disorder
.
Nord J Psychiatry
.
2015
;
69
(
6
):
444
52
.
92.
Wang
WT
,
Hsu
WY
,
Chiu
YC
,
Liang
CW
.
The hierarchical model of social interaction anxiety and depression: the critical roles of fears of evaluation
.
J Anxiety Disord
.
2012
;
26
(
1
):
215
24
.
93.
Weeks
JW
.
Replication and extension of a hierarchical model of social anxiety and depression: fear of positive evaluation as a key unique factor in social anxiety
.
Cogn Behav Ther
.
2015
;
44
(
2
):
103
16
.
94.
Kocijan
L
,
Harris
LM
.
Fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety
.
Behav Change
.
2016
;
33
(
1
):
15
26
.
95.
Fergus
TA
,
Valentiner
DP
,
McGrath
PB
,
Stephenson
K
,
Gier
S
,
Jencius
S
.
The fear of positive evaluation scale: psychometric properties in a clinical sample
.
J Anxiety Disord
.
2009
;
23
(
8
):
1177
83
.
96.
Weeks
JW
,
Heimberg
RG
,
Rodebaugh
TL
.
The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety
.
J Anxiety Disord
.
2008
;
22
(
1
):
44
55
.
97.
Rodebaugh
TL
,
Weeks
JW
,
Gordon
EA
,
Langer
JK
,
Heimberg
RG
.
The longitudinal relationship between fear of positive evaluation and fear of negative evaluation
.
Anxiety Stress Coping
.
2012
;
25
(
2
):
167
82
.
98.
Skocic
S
,
Jackson
H
,
Hulbert
C
.
Beyond DSM-5: an alternative approach to assessing social anxiety disorder
.
J Anxiety Disord
.
2015
;
30
:
8
15
.
99.
Weeks
JW
,
Wilmer
MT
,
Potter
CM
,
Waldron
EM
,
Versella
M
,
Kaplan
SC
.
Targeting fear of positive evaluation in patients with social anxiety disorder via a brief cognitive behavioural therapy protocol: a proof-of-principle study
.
Behav Cogn Psychother
.
2020
;
48
(
6
):
745
50
.
100.
Weeks
JW
,
Howell
AN
.
Fear of positive evaluation: the neglected fear domain in social anxiety
. In:
Weeks
JW
, editor.
The Wiley blackwell handbook of social anxiety disorder
Hoboken (NJ)
John Wiley & Sons
2014
. p.
433
53
.
101.
Berg
SK
,
Bedwell
JS
,
Dvorak
RD
,
Tone
EB
.
Higher social anxiety severity predicts better cognitive empathy performance in women but not men
.
Psychol Rep
.
2021
;
124
(
6
):
2549
66
.
102.
Tibi-Elhanany
Y
,
Shamay-Tsoory
SG
.
Social cognition in social anxiety: first evidence for increased empathic abilities
.
Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci
.
2011
;
48
(
2
):
98
106
.
103.
Ng
R
,
Fish
S
,
Granholm
E
.
Insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2015
225
1–2
169
74
.
104.
Kurtz
MM
,
Richardson
CL
.
Social cognitive training for schizophrenia: a meta-analytic investigation of controlled research
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2012
;
38
(
5
):
1092
104
.
105.
Tobon
JI
,
Ouimet
AJ
,
Dozois
DJA
.
Attentional bias in anxiety disorders following cognitive behavioral treatment
.
J Cogn Psychother
.
2011
;
25
(
2
):
114
29
.
106.
Beard
C
,
Amir
N
.
A multi-session interpretation modification program: changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms
.
Behav Res Ther
.
2008
;
46
(
10
):
1135
41
.
107.
Amir
N
,
Taylor
CT
.
Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial
.
J Consult Clin Psychol
.
2012
;
80
(
3
):
497
511
.
108.
Franklin
ME
,
Huppert
J
,
Langner
R
,
Leiberg
S
,
Foa
EB
.
Interpretation bias: a comparison of treated social phobics, untreated social phobics, and controls
.
Cognit Ther Res
.
2005
;
29
(
3
):
289
300
.
You do not currently have access to this content.