Newer generation antidepressant drugs (ADs) are widely used as the first line of treatment for major depressive disorders and are considered to be safer than tricyclic agents. In this critical review, we evaluated the literature on adverse events, tolerability and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, bupropion, mirtazapine, trazodone, agomelatine, vilazodone, levomilnacipran and vortioxetine. Several side effects are transient and may disappear after a few weeks following treatment initiation, but potentially serious adverse events may persist or ensue later. They encompass gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, diarrhea, gastric bleeding, dyspepsia), hepatotoxicity, weight gain and metabolic abnormalities, cardiovascular disturbances (heart rate, QT interval prolongation, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension), genitourinary symptoms (urinary retention, incontinence), sexual dysfunction, hyponatremia, osteoporosis and risk of fractures, bleeding, central nervous system disturbances (lowering of seizure threshold, extrapyramidal side effects, cognitive disturbances), sweating, sleep disturbances, affective disturbances (apathy, switches, paradoxical effects), ophthalmic manifestations (glaucoma, cataract) and hyperprolactinemia. At times, such adverse events may persist after drug discontinuation, yielding iatrogenic comorbidity. Other areas of concern involve suicidality, safety in overdose, discontinuation syndromes, risks during pregnancy and breast feeding, as well as risk of malignancies. Thus, the rational selection of ADs should consider the potential benefits and risks, likelihood of responsiveness to the treatment option and vulnerability to adverse events. The findings of this review should alert the physician to carefully review the appropriateness of AD prescription on an individual basis and to consider alternative treatments if available.

1.
Kessler RC: The costs of depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2012;35:1-14.
[PubMed]
2.
Mathers CD, Loncar D: Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006;3:e442.
[PubMed]
3.
Pratt LA, Brody DJ, Gu Q: Antidepressant use in persons aged 12 and over: United States, 2005-2008. NCHS Data Brief 2011;76:1-8.
[PubMed]
4.
Castro-Rodríguez JI, Olariu E, Garnier-Lacueva C, Martín-López LM, Pérez-Solà V, Alonso J, Forero CG; INSAyD Investigators: Diagnostic accuracy and adequacy of treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders: a comparison of primary care and specialized care patients. J Affect Disord 2015;172:462-471.
[PubMed]
5.
Duhoux A, Fournier L, Gauvin L, Roberge P: What is the association between quality of treatment for depression and patient outcomes? A cohort study of adults consulting in primary care. J Affect Disord 2013;151:265-274.
[PubMed]
6.
Yau WY, Chan MC, Wing YK, Lam HB, Lin W, Lam SP, Lee CP: Noncontinuous use of antidepressant in adults with major depressive disorders - a retrospective cohort study. Brain Behav 2014;4:390-397.
[PubMed]
7.
Hung CI: Factors predicting adherence to antidepressant treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2014;27:344-349.
[PubMed]
8.
Fortney JC, Pyne JM, Edlund MJ, Stecker T, Mittal D, Robinson DE, Henderson KL: Reasons for antidepressant nonadherence among veterans treated in primary care clinics. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:827-834.
[PubMed]
9.
Bull SA, Hunkeler EM, Lee JY, Rowland CR, Williamson TE, Schwab JR, Hurt SW: Discontinuing or switching selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:578-584.
[PubMed]
10.
Anderson IM: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord 2000;58:19-36.
[PubMed]
11.
Machado-Vieira R, Henter ID, Zarate CA: New targets for rapid antidepressant action. Prog Neurobiol 2015, Epub ahead of print.
[PubMed]
12.
Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS, Alves GS, Fountoulakis KN, Carvalho AF: Beyond monoamines-novel targets for treatment-resistant depression: a comprehensive review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015;13:636-655.
[PubMed]
13.
Hatcher S, Arroll B: Newer antidepressants for the treatment of depression in adults. BMJ 2012;344:d8300-d8300.
[PubMed]
14.
Elmaadawi A, Singh N, Reddy J: Prescriber's guide to using 3 new antidepressants. Curr Psychiatry 2016;14:32-36.
15.
Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Omori IM, McGuire H, Tansella M, Barbui C: Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373:746-758.
[PubMed]
16.
Khoo AL, Zhou HJ, Teng M, Lin L, Zhao YJ, Soh LB, Mok YM, Lim BP, Gwee KP: Network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis of new generation antidepressants. CNS Drugs 2015;29:695-712.
[PubMed]
17.
Baghai TC, Blier P, Baldwin DS, Bauer M, Goodwin GM, Fountoulakis KN, Kasper S, Leonard BE, Malt UF, Stein D, Versiani M, Möller HJ; Section of Pharmacopsychiatry, World Psychiatric Association: General and comparative efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressants in the acute treatment of depressive disorders: a report by the WPA section of pharmacopsychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;261(suppl): 207-245.
[PubMed]
18.
Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, Thieda P, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, Krebs EE, Moore CG, Morgan L, Lohr KN: Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: background paper for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:734-750.
[PubMed]
19.
Fountoulakis KN, McIntyre RS, Carvalho AF: From randomized controlled trials of antidepressant drugs to the meta-analytic synthesis of evidence: methodological aspects lead to discrepant findings. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015;13:605-615.
[PubMed]
20.
von Wolff A, Hölzel LP, Westphal A, Härter M, Kriston L: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in the acute treatment of chronic depression and dysthymia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2013;144:7-15.
[PubMed]
21.
Barbui C, Hotopf M, Freemantle N, Boynton J, Churchill R, Eccles M, Geddes J, Hardy R, Lewis G, Mason J: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants: comparison of drug adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;4:CD002791.
[PubMed]
22.
Thase ME, Denko T: Pharmacotherapy of mood disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2008;4:53-91.
[PubMed]
23.
Peretti S, Judge R, Hindmarch I: Safety and tolerability considerations: tricyclic antidepressants vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2000;403:17-25.
[PubMed]
24.
Moret C, Isaac M, Briley M: Problems associated with long-term treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:967-974.
[PubMed]
25.
Whiskey E, Taylor D: A review of the adverse effects and safety of noradrenergic antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol 2013;27:732-739.
[PubMed]
26.
Gershon MD: 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013;20:14-21.
[PubMed]
27.
Janssen P, Vos R, Tack J: The influence of citalopram on interdigestive gastrointestinal motility in man. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:289-295.
[PubMed]
28.
Browning KN: Role of central vagal 5-HT3 receptors in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Front Neurosci 2015;9:413.
[PubMed]
29.
Goldstein BJ, Goodnick PJ: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of affective disorders - III: tolerability, safety and pharmacoeconomics. J Psychopharmacol 1998;12:S55-S87.
[PubMed]
30.
Uher R, Farmer A, Henigsberg N, Rietschel M, Mors O, Maier W, Kozel D, Hauser J, Souery D, Placentino A, Strohmaier J, Perroud N, Zobel A, Rajewska-Rager A, Dernovsek MZ, Larsen ER, Kalember P, Giovannini C, Barreto M, McGuffin P, Aitchison KJ: Adverse reactions to antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry 2009;195:202-210.
[PubMed]
31.
Wang YP, Chen YT, Tsai CF, Li SY, Luo JC, Wang SJ, Tang CH, Liu CJ, Lin HC, Lee FY, Chang FY, Lu CL: Short-term use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171:54-61.
[PubMed]
32.
Mackay FJ, Dunn NR, Wilton LV, Pearce GL, Freemantle SN, Mann RD: A comparison of fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline and paroxetine examined by observational cohort studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1997;6:235-246.
[PubMed]
33.
Mackay FR, Dunn NR, Martin RM, Pearce GL, Freemantle SN, Mann RD: Newer antidepressants: a comparison of tolerability in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1999;49:892-896.
[PubMed]
34.
Spigset O: Adverse reactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: reports from a spontaneous reporting system. Drug Saf 1999;20:277-287.
[PubMed]
35.
Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Reichenpfader U, Kaminski A, Kien C, Strobelberger M, van Noord M, Thieda P, Thaler K, Gaynes B: Drug Class Review: Second-Generation Antidepressants: Final Update 5 Report. Drug Class Reviews. Portland, Oregon Health and Science University, 2011.
36.
DeVane CL: Immediate-release versus controlled-release formulations: pharmacokinetics of newer antidepressants in relation to nausea. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(suppl 1):14-19.
[PubMed]
37.
Nussbaumer B, Morgan LC, Reichenpfader U, Greenblatt A, Hansen RA, van Noord M, Lux L, Gaynes BN, Gartlehner G: Comparative efficacy and risk of harms of immediate- versus extended-release second-generation antidepressants: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. CNS Drugs 2014;28:699-712.
[PubMed]
38.
Asnis GM, Henderson MA: Levomilnacipran for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015;11:125-135.
[PubMed]
39.
Meeker AS, Herink MC, Haxby DG, Hartung DM: The safety and efficacy of vortioxetine for acute treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2015;4:21.
[PubMed]
40.
Yu SY, Zhang XF, Wu L, Wan DJ, Liu RZ, Dong Z, Chen M: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of vilazodone for treating major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015;11:1957-1965.
[PubMed]
41.
Voican CS, Corruble E, Naveau S, Perlemuter G: Antidepressant-induced liver injury: a review for clinicians. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171:404-415.
[PubMed]
42.
Chen M, Borlak J, Tong W: High lipophilicity and high daily dose of oral medications are associated with significant risk for drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2013;58:388-396.
[PubMed]
43.
Dara L, Liu Z-X, Kaplowitz N: Mechanisms of adaptation and progression in idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury, clinical implications. Liver Int 2016;36:158-165.
[PubMed]
44.
Hussaini SH, Farrington EA: Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: an update on the 2007 overview. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014;13:67-81.
[PubMed]
45.
Choi S: Nefazodone (Serzone) withdrawn because of hepatotoxicity. CMAJ 2003;169:1187.
[PubMed]
46.
Freiesleben SD, Furczyk K: A systematic review of agomelatine-induced liver injury. J Mol Psychiatry 2015;3:4.
[PubMed]
47.
Mitkov MV, Trowbridge RM, Lockshin BN, Caplan JP: Dermatologic side effects of psychotropic medications. Psychosomatics 2014;55:1-20.
[PubMed]
48.
Bliss SA, Warnock JK: Psychiatric medications: adverse cutaneous drug reactions. Clin Dermatol 2013;31:101-109.
[PubMed]
49.
Hedenmalm K, Sundstrom A, Spigset O: Alopecia associated with treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006;15:719-725.
[PubMed]
50.
Fava M: Weight gain and antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61(suppl 1):37-41.
[PubMed]
51.
Serretti A, Mandelli L: Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:1259-1272.
[PubMed]
52.
Zimmermann U, Kraus T, Himmerich H, Schuld A, Pollmächer T: Epidemiology, implications and mechanisms underlying drug-induced weight gain in psychiatric patients. J Psychiatr Res 2003;37:193-220.
[PubMed]
53.
Lee SH, Paz-Filho G, Mastronardi C, Licinio J, Wong ML: Is increased antidepressant exposure a contributory factor to the obesity pandemic? Transl Psychiatry 2016;6:e759.
[PubMed]
54.
Patten SB, Williams JV, Lavorato DH, Brown L, McLaren L, Eliasziw M: Major depression, antidepressant medication and the risk of obesity. Psychother Psychosom 2009;78:182-186.
[PubMed]
55.
Fava GA, Offidani E: The mechanisms of tolerance in antidepressant action. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011;35:1593-1602.
[PubMed]
56.
Sussman N, Ginsberg DL: Weight effects of nefazodone, bupropion, mirtazapine, and venlafaxine: a review of available evidence. Primary Psychiatry 2000;7:33-48.
57.
Gadde KM, Parker CB, Maner LG, Wagner HR, Logue EJ, Drezner MK, Krishnan KR: Bupropion for weight loss: An investigation of efficacy and tolerability in overweight and obese women. Obes Res 2001;9:544-551.
[PubMed]
58.
Silverstone PH, Ravindran A: Once-daily venlafaxine extended release (XR) compared with fluoxetine in outpatients with depression and anxiety. Venlafaxine XR 360 study group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:22-28.
[PubMed]
59.
Citrome L: Vortioxetine for major depressive disorder: an indirect comparison with duloxetine, escitalopram, levomilnacipran, sertraline, venlafaxine, and vilazodone, using number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. J Affect Disord 2016;196:225-233.
[PubMed]
60.
Citrome L: Vilazodone for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antidepressant - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed? Int J Clin Pract 2012;66:356-368.
[PubMed]
61.
McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski JZ, Kennedy SH: The effect of antidepressants on lipid homeostasis: a cardiac safety concern? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2006;5:523-537.
[PubMed]
62.
Correll CU, Detraux J, De Lepeleire J, De Hert M: Effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers on risk for physical diseases in people with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry 2015;14:119-136.
[PubMed]
63.
Deuschle M: Effects of antidepressants on glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus type 2 in adults. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2013;26:60-65.
[PubMed]
64.
Andersohn F, Schade R, Suissa S, Garbe E: Long-term use of antidepressants for depressive disorders and the risk of diabetes mellitus. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:591-598.
[PubMed]
65.
Kivimaki M, Hamer M, Batty GD, Geddes JR, Tabak AG, Pentti J, Virtanen M, Vahtera J: Antidepressant medication use, weight gain, and risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2611-2616.
[PubMed]
66.
Da Silva MA, Dugravot A, Balkau B, Roussel R, Fumeron F, Elbaz A, Canonico M, Singh-Manoux A, Nabi H: Antidepressant medication use and trajectories of fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin, β-cell function and insulin sensitivity: a 9-year longitudinal study of the D.E.S.I.R. Cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2015;44:1927-1940.
[PubMed]
67.
Bhattacharya R, Ajmera M, Bhattacharjee S, Sambamoorthi U: Use of antidepressants and statins and short-term risk of new-onset diabetes among high risk adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;105:251-260.
[PubMed]
68.
Bhattacharjee S, Bhattacharya R, Kelley GA, Sambamoorthi U: Antidepressant use and new-onset diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013;29:273-284.
[PubMed]
69.
Kivimaki M, Batty GD, Jokela M, Ebmeier KP, Vahtera J, Virtanen M, Brunner EJ, Tabak AG, Witte DR, Kumari M, Singh-Manoux A, Hamer M: Antidepressant medication use and risk of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus: a noncausal association? Biol Psychiatry 2011;70:978-984.
[PubMed]
70.
Pacher P, Ungvari Z, Nanasi PP, Furst S, Kecskemeti V: Speculations on difference between tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on their cardiac effects: is there any? Curr Med Chem 1999;6:469-480.
[PubMed]
71.
Sarlon J, Habich O, Schneider B: Elevated rest heart rate in psychiatric patients and different effects of psychotropic medication. Pharmacopsychiatry 2016;49:18-22.
[PubMed]
72.
Thase ME, Larsen KG, Reines E, Kennedy SH: The cardiovascular safety profile of escitalopram. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013;23:1391-1400.
[PubMed]
73.
Kemp AH, Brunoni AR, Santos IS, Nunes MA, Dantas EM, Carvalho de Figueiredo R, Pereira AC, Ribeiro ALP, Mill JG, Andreão RV, Thayer JF, Benseñor IM, Lotufo PA: Effects of depression, anxiety, comorbidity, and antidepressants on resting-state heart rate and its variability: an ELSA-Brasil cohort baseline study. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171:1328-1334.
[PubMed]
74.
Goldstein DJ: Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2007;3:193-209.
[PubMed]
75.
O'Regan C, Kenny RA, Cronin H, Finucane C, Kearney PM: Antidepressants strongly influence the relationship between depression and heart rate variability: findings from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA). Psychol Med 2015;45:623-636.
[PubMed]
76.
Taylor CB: Depression, heart rate related variables and cardiovascular disease. Int J Psychophysiol 2010;78:80-88.
[PubMed]
77.
Schatzberg AF, Blier P, Culpepper L, Jain R, Papakostas GI, Thase ME: An overview of vortioxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:1411-1418.
[PubMed]
78.
Funk KA, Bostwick JR: A comparison of the risk of QT prolongation among SSRIs. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47:1330-1341.
[PubMed]
79.
Beach SR, Celano CM, Noseworthy PA, Januzzi JL, Huffman JC: QTc prolongation, torsades de pointes, and psychotropic medications. Psychosomatics 2013;54:1-13.
[PubMed]
80.
Beach SR, Kostis WJ, Celano CM, Januzzi JL, Ruskin JN, Noseworthy PA, Huffman JC: Meta-analysis of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-associated QTc prolongation. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:e441-e449.
[PubMed]
81.
Feighner JP: Cardiovascular safety in depressed patients: focus on venlafaxine. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:574-579.
[PubMed]
82.
Thase ME, Tran PV, Wiltse C, Pangallo BA, Mallinckrodt C, Detke MJ: Cardiovascular profile of duloxetine, a dual reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:132-140.
[PubMed]
83.
Pollock BG: Adverse reactions of antidepressants in elderly patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(suppl 2):4-8.
[PubMed]
84.
Rodriguez de la Torre B, Dreher J, Malevany I, Bagli M, Kolbinger M, Omran H, Lüderitz B, Rao ML: Serum levels and cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depressed patients. Ther Drug Monit 2001;23:435-440.
[PubMed]
85.
Darowski A, Chambers SA, Chambers DJ: Antidepressants and falls in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2009;26:381-394.
[PubMed]
86.
Joo JH, Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Begley AE, Weber EM, Stack JA, Mazumdar S, Reynolds CF, Pollock BG: Risk factors for falls during treatment of late-life depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:936-941.
[PubMed]
87.
Cherin P, Colvez A, Deville de Periere G, Sereni D: Risk of syncope in the elderly and consumption of drugs: a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:313-320.
[PubMed]
88.
Johnson EM, Whyte E, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Weber E, Begley AE, Reynolds CF: Cardiovascular changes associated with venlafaxine in the treatment of late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:796-802.
[PubMed]
89.
Khawaja IS, Feinstein RE: Cardiovascular effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other novel antidepressants. Heart Dis 2003;5:153-160.
[PubMed]
90.
Verhamme KMC, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BHC, Bosch R: Drug-induced urinary retention: Incidence, management and prevention. Drug Saf 2008;31:373-388.
[PubMed]
91.
Thor KB: Serotonin and norepinephrine involvement in efferent pathways to the urethral rhabdosphincter: implications for treating stress urinary incontinence. Urology 2003;62:3-9.
[PubMed]
92.
Votolato NA, Stern S, Caputo RM: Serotonergic antidepressants and urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2000;11:386-388.
[PubMed]
93.
Tsakiris P, Oelke M, Michel MC: Drug-induced urinary incontinence. Drugs Aging 2008;25:541-549.
[PubMed]
94.
Williams K, Reynolds MF: Sexual dysfunction in major depression. CNS Spectr 2006;11:19-23.
[PubMed]
95.
Clayton AH, Croft HA, Handiwala L: Antidepressants and sexual dysfunction: mechanisms and clinical implications. Postgrad Med 2014;126:91-99.
[PubMed]
96.
Serretti A, Chiesa A: Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29:259-266.
[PubMed]
97.
Rizvi SJ, Yeung NW, Kennedy SH: Instruments to measure sexual dysfunction in community and psychiatric populations. J Psychosom Res 2011;70:99-109.
[PubMed]
98.
Kikuchi T, Uchida H, Suzuki T, Watanabe K, Kashima H: Patients' attitudes toward side effects of antidepressants: an internet survey. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;261:103-109.
[PubMed]
99.
Balon R, Segraves RT: Survey of treatment practices for sexual dysfunction(s) associated with anti-depressants. J Sex Marital Ther 2008;34:353-365.
[PubMed]
100.
Bella AJ, Shamloul R: Psychotropics and sexual dysfunction. Cent Eur J Urol 2013;66:466-471.
[PubMed]
101.
Reichenpfader U, Gartlehner G, Morgan LC, Greenblatt A, Nussbaumer B, Hansen RA, van Noord M, Lux L, Gaynes BN: Sexual dysfunction associated with second-generation antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder: results from a systematic review with network meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2014;37:19-31.
[PubMed]
102.
Schweitzer I, Maguire K, Ng C: Sexual side-effects of contemporary antidepressants: review. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2009;43:795-808.
[PubMed]
103.
Gartlehner GH, Hansen RA, Reichenpfader UK, Kaminski A, Kien C, Strobelberger MN, van Noord M, Thieda P, Thaler K, Gaynes B: Drug Class Review: Second-Generation Antidepressants: Final Update 5 Report. Drug Class Reviews. Portland, Oregon Health and Science University, 2011.
104.
Angst J: Sexual problems in healthy and depressed persons. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;13(suppl 6):S1-S4.
[PubMed]
105.
Montejo AL, Montejo L, Navarro-Cremades F: Sexual side-effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2015;28:418-423.
[PubMed]
106.
Clayton AH, El Haddad S, Iluonakhamhe J-P, Ponce Martinez C, Schuck AE: Sexual dysfunction associated with major depressive disorder and antidepressant treatment. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014;13:1361-1374.
[PubMed]
107.
Montgomery SA, Baldwin DS, Riley A: Antidepressant medications: a review of the evidence for drug-induced sexual dysfunction. J Affect Disord 2002;69:119-140.
[PubMed]
108.
Segraves RT, Balon R: Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in men. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014;121:132-137.
[PubMed]
109.
Pereira VM, Arias-Carrión O, Machado S, Nardi AE, Silva AC: Bupropion in the depression-related sexual dysfunction: a systematic review. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2014;13:1079-1088.
[PubMed]
110.
Csoka AB, Shipko S: Persistent sexual side effects after SSRI discontinuation. Psychother Psychosom 2006;75:187-188.
[PubMed]
111.
de Picker L, van Den Eede F, Dumont G, Moorkens G, Sabbe BGC: Antidepressants and the risk of hyponatremia: a class-by-class review of literature. Psychosomatics 2014;55:536-547.
[PubMed]
112.
Degner D, Grohmann R, Kropp S, Rüther E, Bender S, Engel RR, Schmidt LG: Severe adverse drug reactions of antidepressants: results of the German multicenter drug surveillance program AMSP. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004;37(suppl 1):S39-S45.
[PubMed]
113.
Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, Arthur A, Barton G, Hippisley-Cox J: Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ 2011;343:d4551.
[PubMed]
114.
Letmaier M, Painold A, Holl AK, Vergin H, Engel R, Konstantinidis A, Kasper S, Grohmann R: Hyponatraemia during psychopharmacological treatment: results of a drug surveillance programme. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012;15:739-748.
[PubMed]
115.
Jacob S: Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:1618-1622.
[PubMed]
116.
Eom CS, Lee HK, Ye S, Park SM, Cho KH: Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2012;27:1186-1195.
[PubMed]
117.
Stubbs B, Brefka S, Dallmeier D, Stubbs J, Vancampfort D, Denkinger MD: Depression and reduced bone mineral density at the hip and lumbar spine: a comparative meta-analysis of studies in adults 60 years and older. Psychosom Med 2016;78:492-500.
[PubMed]
118.
Rosenblat JD, Gregory JM, Carvalho AF, McIntyre RS: Depression and disturbed bone metabolism: a narrative review of the epidemiological findings and postulated mechanisms. Curr Mol Med 2016;16:165-178.
[PubMed]
119.
Cizza G, Primma S, Csako G: Depression as a risk factor for osteoporosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009;20:367-373.
[PubMed]
120.
Wu Q, Bencaz AF, Hentz JG, Crowell MD: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment and risk of fractures: a meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:365-375.
[PubMed]
121.
Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants and risk of fracture. Calcif Tissue Int 2008;82:92-101.
[PubMed]
122.
Andrade C, Sandarsh S, Chethan KB, Nagesh KS: Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and abnormal bleeding: a review for clinicians and a reconsideration of mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:1565-1575.
[PubMed]
123.
Pai VB, Kelly MW: Bruising associated with the use of fluoxetine. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:786-788.
[PubMed]
124.
de Abajo FJ: Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on platelet function: mechanisms, clinical outcomes and implications for use in elderly patients. Drugs Aging 2011;28:345-367.
[PubMed]
125.
Halperin D, Reber G: Influence of antidepressants on hemostasis. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2007;9:47-59.
[PubMed]
126.
Morriss R: Antidepressants are associated with hospital admitted intracranial bleeds in people taking other medication associated with bleeding. Evid Based Ment Health 2016;19:24.
[PubMed]
127.
Jiang HY, Chen HZ, Hu XJ, Yu ZH, Yang W, Deng M, Zhang YH, Ruan B: Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13:42-50.e43.
[PubMed]
128.
Anglin R, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P, Tse F, Armstrong D, Leontiadis GI: Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with or without concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:811-819.
[PubMed]
129.
Perahia DG, Bangs ME, Zhang Q, Cheng Y, Ahl J, Frakes EP, Adams MJ, Martinez JM: The risk of bleeding with duloxetine treatment in patients who use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): analysis of placebo-controlled trials and post-marketing adverse event reports. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2013;5:211-219.
[PubMed]
130.
de Abajo FJ, García-Rodríguez LA: Risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine therapy: interaction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and effect of acid-suppressing agents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:795-803.
[PubMed]
131.
Cheng YL, Hu HY, Lin XH, Luo JC, Peng YL, Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee FY: Use of SSRI, but not SNRI, increased upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e2022.
[PubMed]
132.
Targownik LE, Bolton JM, Metge CJ, Leung S, Sareen J: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are associated with a modest increase in the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1475-1482.
[PubMed]
133.
Paton C, Ferrier IN: SSRIS and gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ 2005;331:529-530.
[PubMed]
134.
Haddad PM, Dursun SM: Neurological complications of psychiatric drugs: clinical features and management. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008;23(suppl 1):15-26.
[PubMed]
135.
Hawthorne JM, Caley CF: Extrapyramidal reactions associated with serotonergic antidepressants. Ann Pharmacother 2015;49:1136-1152.
[PubMed]
136.
Leo RJ: Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:449-454.
[PubMed]
137.
Schillevoort I, van Puijenbroek EP, de Boer A, Roos RAC, Jansen PAF, Leufkens HGM: Extrapyramidal syndromes associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a case-control study using spontaneous reports. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;17:75-79.
[PubMed]
138.
Gill HS, DeVane CL, Risch SC: Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with cyclic antidepressant treatment: a review of the literature and consolidating hypotheses. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17:377-389.
[PubMed]
139.
Meltzer HY, Young M, Metz J, Fang VS, Schyve PM, Arora RC: Extrapyramidal side effects and increased serum prolactin following fluoxetine, a new antidepressant. J Neural Transm 1979;45:165-175.
[PubMed]
140.
Madhusoodanan S, Alexeenko L, Sanders R, Brenner R: Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antidepressants - a review of the literature and an analysis of spontaneous reports. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2010;22:148-156.
[PubMed]
141.
Hedenmalm K, Güzey C, Dahl M-L, Yue Q-Y, Spigset O: Risk factors for extrapyramidal symptoms during treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including cytochrome P-450 enzyme, and serotonin and dopamine transporter and receptor polymorphisms. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:192-197.
[PubMed]
142.
Konstantakopoulos G, Kouzoupis AV, Papageorgiou SG, Oulis P: Putative neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with sertraline withdrawal. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29:300-301.
[PubMed]
143.
Boyer EW, Shannon M: The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1112-1120.
[PubMed]
144.
Iqbal MM, Basil MJ, Kaplan J, Iqbal MT: Overview of serotonin syndrome. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2012;24:310-318.
[PubMed]
145.
Isbister GK, Bowe SJ, Dawson A, Whyte IM: Relative toxicity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004;42:277-285.
[PubMed]
146.
Brvar M, Stajer D, Kozelj G, Osredkar J, Mozina M, Bunc M: Urinary serotonin level is associated with serotonin syndrome after moclobemide, sertraline, and citalopram overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007;45:458-460.
[PubMed]
147.
Bortolato B, Miskowiak KW, Kohler CA, Maes M, Fernandes BS, Berk M, Carvalho AF: Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? BMC Med 2016;14:9.
[PubMed]
148.
Rosenblat JD, Kakar R, McIntyre RS: The cognitive effects of antidepressants in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015;19:pyv082.
[PubMed]
149.
Bortolato B, Carvalho AF, McIntyre RS: Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder: a state-of-the-art clinical review. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2014;13:1804-1818.
[PubMed]
150.
Wroolie TE, Williams KE, Keller J, Zappert LN, Shelton SD, Kenna HA, Reynolds MF, Rasgon NL: Mood and neuropsychological changes in women with midlife depression treated with escitalopram. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:361-366.
[PubMed]
151.
Fava M, Graves LM, Benazzi F, Scalia MJ, Iosifescu DV, Alpert JE, Papakostas GI: A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of cognitive and physical symptoms during long-term antidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1754-1759.
[PubMed]
152.
Anderson HD, Pace WD, Libby AM, West DR, Valuck RJ: Rates of 5 common antidepressant side effects among new adult and adolescent cases of depression: a retrospective US claims study. Clin Ther 2012;34:113-123.
[PubMed]
153.
Shin D, Oh YH, Eom C-S, Park SM: Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2014;261:686-695.
[PubMed]
154.
Coupland C, Hill T, Morriss R, Moore M, Arthur A, Hippisley-Cox J: Antidepressant use and risk of cardiovascular outcomes in people aged 20-64: cohort study using primary care database. BMJ 2016;352:i1350.
[PubMed]
155.
Trindade E, Menon D, Topfer LA, Coloma C: Adverse effects associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 1998;159:1245-1252.
[PubMed]
156.
Marcy TR, Britton ML: Antidepressant-induced sweating. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39:748-752.
[PubMed]
157.
Cheshire WP, Fealey RD: Drug-induced hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf 2008;31:109-126.
[PubMed]
158.
Ashton AK, Weinstein WL: Cyproheptadine for drug-induced sweating. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:874-875.
[PubMed]
159.
Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Holsboer F, Krieg JC: In quest of identifying vulnerability markers for psychiatric disorders by all-night polysomnography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:145-153.
[PubMed]
160.
Arfken CL, Joseph A, Sandhu GR, Roehrs T, Douglass AB, Boutros NN: The status of sleep abnormalities as a diagnostic test for major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2014;156:36-45.
[PubMed]
161.
Wilson S, Argyropoulos S: Antidepressants and sleep: a qualitative review of the literature. Drugs 2005;65:927-947.
[PubMed]
162.
Tribl GG, Wetter TC, Schredl M: Dreaming under antidepressants: a systematic review on evidence in depressive patients and healthy volunteers. Sleep Med Rev 2013;17:133-142.
[PubMed]
163.
Rottach KG, Schaner BM, Kirch MH, Zivotofsky AZ, Teufel LM, Gallwitz T, Messer T: Restless legs syndrome as side effect of second generation antidepressants. J Psychiatr Res 2008;43:70-75.
[PubMed]
164.
Salín-Pascual RJ, Galicia-Polo L, Drucker-Colín R: Sleep changes after 4 consecutive days of venlafaxine administration in normal volunteers. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:348-350.
[PubMed]
165.
Bayard M, Bailey B, Acharya D, Ambreen F, Duggal S, Kaur T, Rahman ZU, Roller K, Tudiver F: Bupropion and restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Board Fam Med 2011;24:422-428.
[PubMed]
166.
Price J, Cole V, Goodwin GM: Emotional side-effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry 2009;195:211-217.
[PubMed]
167.
Szmulewicz A, Samame C, Caravotta P, Martino DJ, Igoa A, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Colom F, Strejilevich SA: Behavioral and emotional adverse events of drugs frequently used in the treatment of bipolar disorders: clinical and theoretical implications. Int J Bipolar Disord 2016;4:6.
[PubMed]
168.
Levy R, Dubois B: Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. Cereb Cortex 2006;16:916-928.
[PubMed]
169.
Tondo L, Vazquez G, Baldessarini RJ: Mania associated with antidepressant treatment: comprehensive meta-analytic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010;121:404-414.
[PubMed]
170.
Sani G, Napoletano F, Vohringer PA, Sullivan M, Simonetti A, Koukopoulos A, Danese E, Girardi P, Ghaemi N: Mixed depression: clinical features and predictors of its onset associated with antidepressant use. Psychother Psychosom 2014;83:213-221.
[PubMed]
171.
Offidani E, Fava GA, Tomba E, Baldessarini RJ: Excessive mood elevation and behavioral activation with antidepressant treatment of juvenile depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review. Psychother Psychosom 2013;82:132-141.
[PubMed]
172.
Harada T, Sakamoto K, Ishigooka J: Incidence and predictors of activation syndrome induced by antidepressants. Depress Anxiety 2008;25:1014-1019.
[PubMed]
173.
Fava GA: Rational use of antidepressant drugs. Psychother Psychosom 2014;83:197-204.
[PubMed]
174.
Cusin C, Fava M, Amsterdam JD, Quitkin FM, Reimherr FW, Beasley CM Jr, Rosenbaum JF, Perlis RH: Early symptomatic worsening during treatment with fluoxetine in major depressive disorder: prevalence and implications. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:52-57.
[PubMed]
175.
Harvey AT, Silkey BS, Kornstein SG, Clary CM: Acute worsening of chronic depression during a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of antidepressant efficacy: differences by sex and menopausal status. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:951-958.
[PubMed]
176.
Pozzi M, Radice S, Clementi E, Molteni M, Nobile M: Antidepressants and, suicide and self-injury: causal or casual association? Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2016;20:47-51.
[PubMed]
177.
Leon AC, Fiedorowicz JG, Solomon DA, Li C, Coryell WH, Endicott J, Fawcett J, Keller MB: Risk of suicidal behavior with antidepressants in bipolar and unipolar disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:720-727.
[PubMed]
178.
Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Strombom IM, Dominguez S, Fawcett J, Licinio J, Oquendo MA, Tollefson GD, Valuck RJ, Tohen M: Ecological studies of antidepressant treatment and suicidal risks. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2007;15:133-145.
[PubMed]
179.
Stone MB: The FDA warning on antidepressants and suicidality - why the controversy? N Engl J Med 2014;371:1668-1671.
[PubMed]
180.
Braun C, Bschor T, Franklin J, Baethge C: Suicides and suicide attempts during long-term treatment with antidepressants: a meta-analysis of 29 placebo-controlled studies including 6,934 patients with major depressive disorder. Psychother Psychosom 2016;85:171-179.
[PubMed]
181.
Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JO: Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:207-210.
[PubMed]
182.
Henry A, Kisicki MD, Varley C: Efficacy and safety of antidepressant drug treatment in children and adolescents. Mol Psychiatry 2012;17:1186-1193.
[PubMed]
183.
Sharma T, Guski LS, Freund N, Gøtzsche PC: Suicidality and aggression during antidepressant treatment: systematic review and meta-analyses based on clinical study reports. BMJ 2016;352:i65.
[PubMed]
184.
Miller M, Swanson SA, Azrael D, Pate V, Stürmer T: Antidepressant dose, age, and the risk of deliberate self-harm. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:899-909.
[PubMed]
185.
Wasserman D, Rihmer Z, Rujescu D, Sarchiapone M, Sokolowski M, Titelman D, Zalsman G, Zemishlany Z, Carli V, Association EP: The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on suicide treatment and prevention. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:129-141.
[PubMed]
186.
Turecki G, Brent DA: Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Lancet 2016;387:1227-1239.
[PubMed]
187.
Hawton K, Bergen H, Simkin S, Cooper J, Waters K, Gunnell D, Kapur N: Toxicity of antidepressants: rates of suicide relative to prescribing and non-fatal overdose. Br J Psychiatry 2010;196:354-358.
[PubMed]
188.
White NC, Litovitz T, Clancy C: Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type. J Med Toxicol 2008;4:238-250.
[PubMed]
189.
Wilson E, Lader M: A review of the management of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2015;5:357-368.
[PubMed]
190.
Fava GA, Gatti A, Belaise C, Guidi J, Offidani E: Withdrawal symptoms after selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation: a systematic review. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84:72-81.
[PubMed]
191.
Starcevic V, Brakoulias V, Viswasam K, Berle D: Inconsistent portrayal of medication dependence, withdrawal and discontinuation symptoms in treatment guidelines for anxiety disorders. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84:379-380.
[PubMed]
192.
Chouinard G, Chouinard VA: New classification of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor withdrawal. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84:63-71.
[PubMed]
193.
Narayan V, Haddad PM: Antidepressant discontinuation manic states: a critical review of the literature and suggested diagnostic criteria. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:306-313.
[PubMed]
194.
Harvey BH, Slabbert FN: New insights on the antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014;29:503-516.
[PubMed]
195.
Belaise C, Gatti A, Chouinard VA, Chouinard G: Persistent post-withdrawal disorders induced by paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and treated with specific cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychother Psychosom 2014;83:247-248.
[PubMed]
196.
Preskorn SH: Comparison of the tolerability of bupropion, fluoxetine, imipramine, nefazodone, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(suppl 6):12-21.
[PubMed]
197.
Trindade E, Menon D, Topfer LA, Coloma C: Adverse effects associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 1998;159:1245-1252.
[PubMed]
198.
Costagliola C, Parmeggiani F, Sebastiani A: SSRIs and intraocular pressure modifications: evidence, therapeutic implications and possible mechanisms. CNS Drugs 2004;18:475-484.
[PubMed]
199.
Ezra DG, Storoni M, Whitefield LA: Simultaneous bilateral acute angle closure glaucoma following venlafaxine treatment. Eye (Lond) 2006;20:128-129.
[PubMed]
200.
Ng B, Sanbrook GM, Malouf AJ, Agarwal SA: Venlafaxine and bilateral acute angle closure glaucoma. Med J Aust 2002;176:241.
[PubMed]
201.
Symes RJ, Etminan M, Mikelberg FS: Risk of angle-closure glaucoma with bupropion and topiramate. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015;133:1187-1189.
[PubMed]
202.
Chen HY, Lin CL, Kao CH: Long-term use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of glaucoma in depression patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e2041.
[PubMed]
203.
Chen HY, Lin CL, Lai SW, Kao CH: Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and acute angle-closure glaucoma. J Clin Psychiatry 2016, Epub ahead of print.
[PubMed]
204.
Richa S, Yazbek JC: Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review. CNS Drugs 2010;24:501-526.
[PubMed]
205.
Etminan M, Mikelberg FS, Brophy JM: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of cataracts: a nested case-control study. Ophthalmology 2010;117:1251-1255.
[PubMed]
206.
Erie JC, Brue SM, Chamberlain AM, Hodge DO: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and increased risk of cataract surgery: a population-based, case-control study. Am J Ophthalmol 2014;158:192-197.e191.
[PubMed]
207.
Rittenhouse PA, Levy AD, Li Q, Bethea CL, Van de Kar LD: Neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediate the serotonergic stimulation of prolactin secretion via 5-HT1c/2 receptors. Endocrinology 1993;133:661-667.
[PubMed]
208.
Trenque T, Herlem E, Auriche P, Drame M: Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and hyperprolactinaemia: a case/non-case study in the French pharmacovigilance database. Drug Saf 2011;34:1161-1166.
[PubMed]
209.
Ajmal A, Joffe H, Nachtigall LB: Psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a clinical review. Psychosomatics 2014;55:29-36.
[PubMed]
210.
Mondal S, Saha I, Das S, Ganguly A, Das D, Tripathi SK: A new logical insight and putative mechanism behind fluoxetine-induced amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea in a case series. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2013;3:322-334.
[PubMed]
211.
Mahasuar R, Majhi P, Ravan JR: Euprolactinemic galactorrhea associated with use of imipramine and escitalopram in a postmenopausal woman. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010;32:341.e311-e343.
[PubMed]
212.
Praharaj SK: Euprolactinemic galactorrhea with escitalopram. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014;26:E25-E26.
[PubMed]
213.
Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR: Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:698-709.
[PubMed]
214.
Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, Tomlinson G, Dennis C-L, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A, Radford K, Martinovic J, Ross LE: The impact of maternal depression during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74:e321-e341.
[PubMed]
215.
Larsen ER, Damkier P, Pedersen LH, Fenger-Gron J, Mikkelsen RL, Nielsen RE, Linde VJ, Knudsen HED, Skaarup L, Videbech P: Use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015;132:1-28.
[PubMed]
216.
Reis M, Källén B: Combined use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and sedatives/hypnotics during pregnancy: risk of relatively severe congenital malformations or cardiac defects: a register study. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002166.
[PubMed]
217.
Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A, Ross LE: Antidepressant exposure during pregnancy and congenital malformations: is there an association? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the best evidence. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74:e293-e308.
[PubMed]
218.
Palmsten K, Hernández-Díaz S, Huybrechts KF, Williams PL, Michels KB, Achtyes ED, Mogun H, Setoguchi S: Use of antidepressants near delivery and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: cohort study of low income women in the United States. BMJ 2013;347:f4877.
[PubMed]
219.
Reefhuis J, Devine O, Friedman JM, Louik C, Honein MA; Study NBDP: Specific SSRIs and birth defects: Bayesian analysis to interpret new data in the context of previous reports. BMJ 2015;351:h3190.
[PubMed]
220.
Grigoriadis S, Vonderporten EH, Mamisashvili L, Tomlinson G, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A, Ross LE: Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014;348:f6932.
[PubMed]
221.
Hudson JI, Wohlreich MM, Kajdasz DK, Mallinckrodt CH, Watkin JG, Martynov OV: Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: analysis of pooled data from eight placebo-controlled clinical trials. Hum Psychopharmacol 2005;20:327-341.
[PubMed]
222.
Furu K, Kieler H, Haglund B, Engeland A, Selmer R, Stephansson O, Valdimarsdottir UA, Zoega H, Artama M, Gissler M, Malm H, Nørgaard M: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine in early pregnancy and risk of birth defects: population based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ 2015;350:h1798.
[PubMed]
223.
Bellantuono C, Vargas M, Mandarelli G, Nardi B, Martini MG: The safety of serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a comprehensive review. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015;30:143-151.
[PubMed]
224.
Chun-Fai-Chan B, Koren G, Fayez I, Kalra S, Voyer-Lavigne S, Boshier A, Shakir S, Einarson A: Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to bupropion during pregnancy: a prospective comparative study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:932-936.
[PubMed]
225.
Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Botto LD, Rasmussen SA, Correa A, Friedman JM; National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Maternal use of bupropion and risk for congenital heart defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:52. e1-6.
[PubMed]
226.
Djulus J, Koren G, Einarson TR, Wilton L, Shakir S, Diav-Citrin O, Kennedy D, Voyer Lavigne S, De Santis M, Einarson A: Exposure to mirtazapine during pregnancy: a prospective, comparative study of birth outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1280-1284.
[PubMed]
227.
Einarson A, Bonari L, Voyer-Lavigne S, Addis A, Matsui D, Johnson Y, Koren G: A multicentre prospective controlled study to determine the safety of trazodone and nefazodone use during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:106-110.
[PubMed]
228.
Ewing G, Tatarchuk Y, Appleby D, Schwartz N, Kim D: Placental transfer of antidepressant medications: implications for postnatal adaptation syndrome. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015;54:359-370.
[PubMed]
229.
Sanz EJ, De-las-Cuevas C, Kiuru A, Bate A, Edwards R: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnant women and neonatal withdrawal syndrome: a database analysis. Lancet (London) 2005;365:482-487.
[PubMed]
230.
Boucher N, Koren G, Beaulac-Baillargeon L: Maternal use of venlafaxine near term: correlation between neonatal effects and plasma concentrations. Ther Drug Monit 2009;31:404-409.
[PubMed]
231.
Eberhard-Gran M, Eskild A, Opjordsmoen S: Use of psychotropic medications in treating mood disorders during lactation: practical recommendations. CNS Drugs 2006;20:187-198.
[PubMed]
232.
Brandes LJ, Arron RJ, Bogdanovic RP, Tong J, Zaborniak CL, Hogg GR, Warrington RC, Fang W, LaBella FS: Stimulation of malignant growth in rodents by antidepressant drugs at clinically relevant doses. Cancer Res 1992;52:3796-3800.
[PubMed]
233.
Bendele RA, Adams ER, Hoffman WP, Gries CL, Morton DM: Carcinogenicity studies of fluoxetine hydrochloride in rats and mice. Cancer Res 1992;52:6931-6935.
[PubMed]
234.
Gil-Ad I, Zolokov A, Lomnitski L, Taler M, Bar M, Luria D, Ram E, Weizman A: Evaluation of the potential anti-cancer activity of the antidepressant sertraline in human colon cancer cell lines and in colorectal cancer-xenografted mice. Int J Oncol 2008;33:277-286.
[PubMed]
235.
Abdul M, Logothetis CJ, Hoosein NM: Growth-inhibitory effects of serotonin uptake inhibitors on human prostate carcinoma cell lines. J Urol 1995;154:247-250.
[PubMed]
236.
Cosgrove L, Shi L, Creasey DE, Anaya-McKivergan M, Myers JA, Huybrechts KF: Antidepressants and breast and ovarian cancer risk: a review of the literature and researchers' financial associations with industry. PLoS One 2011;6:e18210.
[PubMed]
237.
Eom CS, Park SM, Cho KH: Use of antidepressants and the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012;136:635-645.
[PubMed]
238.
Carvalho AF, Hyphantis T, Sales PMG, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Macêdo DS, Cha DS, McIntyre RS, Pavlidis N: Major depressive disorder in breast cancer: a critical systematic review of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic clinical trials. Cancer Treat Rev 2014;40:349-355.
[PubMed]
239.
Ghaemi NS, Vohringer PA, Whitham EA: Antidepressants from a public health perspective: Re-examining effectiveness, suicide, and carcinogenicity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013;127:89-93.
[PubMed]
240.
Pae CU: Association between antidepressants and breast/ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:441-444.
[PubMed]
241.
Froes Brandao D, Strasser-Weippl K, Goss PE: Prolactin and breast cancer: the need to avoid undertreatment of serious psychiatric illnesses in breast cancer patients: a review. Cancer 2016;122:184-188.
[PubMed]
242.
Rubin RR, Ma Y, Marrero DG, Peyrot M, Barrett-Connor EL, Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Price DW, Knowler WC: Elevated depression symptoms, antidepressant medicine use, and risk of developing diabetes during the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 2008;31:420-426.
[PubMed]
243.
Ziere G, Dieleman JP, van der Cammen TJ, Hofman A, Pols HA, Stricker BH: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressants are associated with an increased risk of nonvertebral fractures. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:411-417.
[PubMed]
244.
Fava GA, Tomba E, Tossani E: Innovative trends in the design of therapeutic trials in psychopharmacology and psychotherapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013;40:306-311.
[PubMed]
245.
Fava G, Cosci F, Tomba E: Iatrogenic comorbidity in mental health. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84(suppl 1):22.
[PubMed]
246.
Karch FE, Lasagna L: Adverse drug reactions: a critical review. JAMA 1975;234:1236-1241.
[PubMed]
247.
Kaymaz N, van Os J, Loonen AJ, Nolen WA: Evidence that patients with single versus recurrent depressive episodes are differentially sensitive to treatment discontinuation: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1423-1436.
[PubMed]
248.
Guidi J, Tomba E, Fava GA: The sequential integration of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of the sequential model and a critical review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry 2016;173:128-137.
[PubMed]
249.
Fava GA, Guidi J, Rafanelli C, Sonino N: The clinical inadequacy of evidence-based medicine and the need for a conceptual framework based on clinical judgment. Psychother Psychosom 2015;84:1-3.
[PubMed]
You do not currently have access to this content.