Aims: The water lily (WL) is found in Europe, Asia, and North America. WL reportedly has various pharmacological activities that improve the activities of daily life in humans. To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated about the aspect of protection on skin aging due to the mitochondria-mediated antiapoptosis effects of WL rhizome extract (WLRE) on human epidermal keratinocytes. Methods: Human epidermal keratinocytes cells were treated with WLRE (100, 200, and 400 μg/ml) for 1 h and then with ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) (50 mJ/cm2) for another 23 h. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), MitoTracker, caspase-3, and glutathione were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Also, the levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins were determined with immunohistochemistry or western blotting. Results: We investigated the protective effects of WLRE against UVB-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. WLRE significantly and concentrations-dependently reduced UVB-induced apoptotic cytotoxicity. Furthermore, WLRE decreased ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, Bcl-2-associated X protein levels, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria while increasing Bcl-2 protein levels as assessed. Moreover, WLRE inhibited caspase-3 activity and expression, indicating the inhibition of the apoptotic cascade, and induced increased levels of total glutathione, heme oxygenase 1, and radical-scavenging activity. Conclusion: Together, these results demonstrate that WLRE can protect human epidermal keratinocytes against UVB-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by regulating ROS-eliminating pathways.

Keywords:
Nymphaea tetragona Georgi, Ultraviolet, Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, B-cell lymphoma 2, Skin aging
1.
Bickers DR, Athar M: Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:2565-2575.
2.
Briganti S, Picardo M: Antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation and skin diseases. What's new. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17:663-669.
3.
Lee CH, Wu SB, Hong CH, Yu HS, Wei YH: Molecular mechanisms of UV-induced apoptosis and Its effects on skin residential cells: the implication in UV-based phototherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2013;14:6414-6435.
4.
Lee HC, Wei YH: Mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA maintenance of mammalian cells under oxidative stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:822-834.
5.
Nys K, Maes H, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Garmyn M, Agostinis P: Skin mild hypoxia enhances killing of UVB-damaged keratinocytes through reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis requiring Noxa and Bim. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52:1111-1120.
6.
Agnihotri VK, ElSohly HN, Khan SI, Smillie TJ, Khan IA, Walker LA: Antioxidant constituents of Nymphaea caerulea flowers. Phytochemistry 2008;69:2061-2066.
7.
Zhao J, Liu T, Ma L, Yan M, Gu Z, Huang Y, Xu F, Zhao Y: Antioxidant and preventive effects of extract from nymphaea candida flower on in vitro immunological liver injury of rat primary hepatocyte cultures. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:497673.
8.
Dash BK, Sen MK, Alam K, Hossain K, Islam R, Banu NA, Rahman S, Jamal AH: Antibacterial activity of Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. F) flower. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2013;12:27.
9.
Sikder M, Jisha HR, Kuddus M, Rumi F, Kaisar MA, Rashid MA: Evaluation of bioactivities of Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. F)-the national flower of Bangladesh. Bang Pharm J 2012;15:1-5.
10.
Hossain MA, Park JY, Kim JY, Suh JW, Park SC: Synergistic effect and antiquorum sensing activity of Nymphaea tetragona (water lily) extract. BioMed Res Int 2014;2014:562173.
11.
Kim YH, Kim KS, Han CS, Yang HC, Park SH, Ko KI, Lee SH, Kim KH, Lee NH, Kim JM, Son KH: Inhibitory effects of natural plants of Jeju Island on elastase and MMP-1 expression. J Cosmet Sci 2007;58:19-33.
12.
Oh GS, Pae HO, Oh H, Hong SG, Kim IK, Chai KY, Yun YG, Kwon TO, Chung HT: In vitro anti-proliferative effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, SK-HEP-1 cells. Cancer Lett 2001;174:17-24.
13.
Park G, Kim HG, Sim Y, Sung SH, Oh MS: Sauchinone, a lignan from saururus chinensis, protects human skin keratinocytes against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging by regulating the oxidative defense system. Biol Pharm Bull 2013;36:1134-1139.
14.
Park G, Jang DS, Oh MS: Juglans mandshurica leaf extract protects skin fibroblasts from damage by regulating the oxidative defense system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012;421:343-348.
15.
Park G, Kim HG, Kim YO, Park SH, Kim SY, Oh MS: Coriandrum sativum L. protects human keratinocytes from oxidative stress by regulating oxidative defense systems. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012;25:93-99.
16.
Lobner D: Comparison of the LDH and MTT assays for quantifying cell death: validity for neuronal apoptosis? J Neurosci Methods 2000;96:147-152.
17.
Rittié L, Fisher GJ: UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging. Ageing Res Rev 2002;1:705-720.
18.
Kyriazis M: Anti-ageing potential of carnosine: approaches toward successful ageing. Drug Discov Today 2010;7:45-49.
19.
Reed JC: Apoptosis-regulating proteins as targets for drug discovery. Trends Mol Med 2001;7:314-319.
20.
Montellano PR: The mechanism of heme oxygenase. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2000;4:221-227.
21.
Lang D, Reuter S, Buzescu T, August C, Heidenreich S: Heme-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in human monocytes inhibits apoptosis despite caspase-3 up-regulation. Int Immunol 2005;17:155-165.
22.
Franco R, Cidlowski JA: Apoptosis and glutathione: beyond an antioxidant. Cell Death Differ 2009;16:1303-1314.
23.
Presnell CE, Bhatti G, Numan LS, Lerche M, Alkhateeb SK, Ghalib M, Shammaa M, Kavdia M: Computational insights into the role of glutathione in oxidative stress. Curr Neurovasc Res 2013;10:185-194.
24.
Circu ML, Aw TY: Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010;48:749-762.
25.
Marí M, Morales A, Colell A, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC: Mitochondrial glutathione, a key survival antioxidant. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009;11:2685-2700.
26.
Lee DY, Jeong EJ, Jeon BJ, Sung SH: Quantitative analysis of ellagic acid in Nymphara tetragona Georgi root by HPLC-UVD. Kor J Pharmacogn 2014;45:84-87.
27.
Kimura S, Warabi E, Yanagawa T, Ma D, Itoh K, Ishii Y, Kawachi Y, Ishii T: Essential role of Nrf2 in keratinocyte protection from UVA by quercetin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;387:109-114.
28.
Surh YJ: Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:768-780.
29.
Hseu YC, Chou CW, Senthil Kumar KJ, Fu KT, Wang HM, Hsu LS, Kuo YH, Wu CR, Chen SC, Yang HL: Ellagic acid protects human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells against UVA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through the upregulation of the HO-1 and Nrf-2 antioxidant genes. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50:1245-1255.
© 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel
2016
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.