... and immunotherapies, including PD-1 antibodies with or without CTLA-4 antibody, that can be used regardless of mutational status. However, long-term tumor control is only achieved in a minority of patients. Liquid biopsy using circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating mRNA and micro-RNA...

... Liquid biopsy Circulating tumor cell (CTC) ctDNA cfRNA Exosomes Large clinical trials are ongoing to show clinical utility [ 52 ]. While the clinical applications of liquid biopsy to predict relapse and steer therapy in patients with diagnosed cancer are constantly becoming more evident [ 49...