Abstract
Introduction: A number of patients with a diminished sense of smell also can suffer from parosmia. These patients with such a qualitative smell disorder are often more severely affected than patients exhibiting only a quantitative smell disorder. Qualitative smell disorders have heretofore been poorly investigated. The focus of the present study was, using functional MRI, to compare the central processing of olfactory stimulation in patients with qualitative smell disorders. Material and Methods: A total of 23 patients were investigated, 12 hyposmic patients without parosmia (HYP group) and 11 hyposmic patients with parosmia (PAR group). Both groups were matched with regard to sex and age. The olfactory smells used were peach and coffee odors. Results: The two groups exhibited different patterns of activation. In HYP patients a stronger activation was observed in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus, whereas in the PAR group stronger activation in the thalamus and putamen was seen. Discussion: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that there are specific patterns in the central processing of olfactory stimuli which differ in hyposmic patients with and without parosmia.
References
1.
Parosmia
ZK
. J Laryngol
. 1966
;80
:1102
–4
. 2.
Hummel
T
, Whitcroft
KL
, Andrews
P
, Altundag
A
, Cinghi
C
, Costanzo
RM
, et al. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction
. Rhinol Suppl
. 2017
Mar
;54
(26
Suppl. 25
):1
–30
.
[PubMed]
1013-00473.
Kobal
G
, Hummel
T
, Sekinger
B
, Barz
S
, Roscher
S
, Wolf
S
. “Sniffin’ sticks”: screening of olfactory performance
. Rhinology
. 1996
Dec
;34
(4
):222
–6
.
[PubMed]
0300-07294.
Leopold
D
. Distorted olfactory perception. In: Doty
RL
, editor. Handbook of olfaction and gustation
. New York
: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
; 1995
. pp. 441
–54
.5.
Reden
J
, Maroldt
H
, Fritz
A
, Zahnert
T
, Hummel
T
. A study on the prognostic significance of qualitative olfactory dysfunction
. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol
. 2007
Feb
;264
(2
):139
–44
.
[PubMed]
0937-44776.
Hong
SC
, Holbrook
EH
, Leopold
DA
, Hummel
T
. Distorted olfactory perception: a systematic review
. Acta Otolaryngol
. 2012
Jun
;132
(sup1
Suppl 1
):S27
–31
.
[PubMed]
0001-64897.
Rawal
S
, Hoffman
HJ
, Bainbridge
KE
, Huedo-Medina
TB
, Duffy
VB
. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Self-Reported Smell and Taste Alterations: Results from the 2011-2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
. Chem Senses
. 2016
Jan
;41
(1
):69
–76
.
[PubMed]
0379-864X8.
Leopold
DA
, Schwob
JE
, Youngentob
SL
, Hornung
DE
, Wright
HN
, Mozell
MM
. Successful treatment of phantosmia with preservation of olfaction
. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
. 1991
Dec
;117
(12
):1402
–6
.
[PubMed]
0886-44709.
Leopold
D
. Distortion of olfactory perception: diagnosis and treatment
. Chem Senses
. 2002
Sep
;27
(7
):611
–5
.
[PubMed]
0379-864X10.
Mueller
A
, Rodewald
A
, Reden
J
, Gerber
J
, von Kummer
R
, Hummel
T
. Reduced olfactory bulb volume in post-traumatic and post-infectious olfactory dysfunction
. Neuroreport
. 2005
Apr
;16
(5
):475
–8
.
[PubMed]
0959-496511.
Rombaux
P
, Mouraux
A
, Bertrand
B
, Nicolas
G
, Duprez
T
, Hummel
T
. Olfactory function and olfactory bulb volume in patients with postinfectious olfactory loss
. Laryngoscope
. 2006
Mar
;116
(3
):436
–9
.
[PubMed]
0023-852X12.
Frasnelli
J
, Landis
BN
. Heilmann Set al. Clinical presentation of qualitative olfactory dysfunction
. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol
. 2003
;11
:11
–3
.0937-447713.
Mori
K
, Nagao
H
, Yoshihara
Y
. The olfactory bulb: coding and processing of odor molecule information
. Science
. 1999
Oct
;286
(5440
):711
–5
.
[PubMed]
0036-807514.
Landis
BN
, Frasnelli
J
, Croy
I
, Hummel
T
. Evaluating the clinical usefulness of structured questions in parosmia assessment
. Laryngoscope
. 2010
Aug
;120
(8
):1707
–13
.
[PubMed]
0023-852X15.
Welge-Luessen
A
, Leopold
DA
, Miwa
T
. Smell and Taste Disorders - Diagnostic and Clinical Work-Up. In: Welge-Luessen
A
, Hummel
T
, editors. Management of Smell and Taste Disorders - A Practical Guide for Clinicians
. Stuttgart
: Thieme
; 2013
. pp. 49
–57
.16.
Hummel
T
, Sekinger
B
, Wolf
SR
, Pauli
E
, Kobal
G
. ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold
. Chem Senses
. 1997
Feb
;22
(1
):39
–52
.
[PubMed]
0379-864X17.
Hummel
T
, Kobal
G
, Gudziol
H
, Mackay-Sim
A
. Normative data for the “Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects
. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol
. 2007
Mar
;264
(3
):237
–43
.
[PubMed]
0937-447718.
Talairach
J
, Tournoux
P
. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain
. New York
: Thieme
; 1988
.19.
Gottfried
JA
, Dolan
RJ
. Human orbitofrontal cortex mediates extinction learning while accessing conditioned representations of value
. Nat Neurosci
. 2004
Oct
;7
(10
):1144
–52
.
[PubMed]
1097-625620.
Pellegrino
R
, Hähner
A
, Bojanowski
V
, Hummel
C
, Gerber
J
, Hummel
T
. Olfactory function in patients with hyposmia compared to healthy subjects - An fMRI study
. Rhinology
. 2016
Dec
;54
(4
):374
–81
.
[PubMed]
0300-072921.
Plailly
J
, Howard
JD
, Gitelman
DR
, Gottfried
JA
. Attention to odor modulates thalamocortical connectivity in the human brain
. J Neurosci
. 2008
May
;28
(20
):5257
–67
.
[PubMed]
0270-647422.
Phillips
ML
, Young
AW
, Scott
SK
, Calder
AJ
, Andrew
C
, Giampietro
V
, et al. Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust
. Proc Biol Sci
. 1998
Oct
;265
(1408
):1809
–17
.
[PubMed]
0962-845223.
Thielscher
A
, Pessoa
L
. Neural correlates of perceptual choice and decision making during fear-disgust discrimination
. J Neurosci
. 2007
Mar
;27
(11
):2908
–17
.
[PubMed]
0270-647424.
Kipps
CM
, Duggins
AJ
, McCusker
EA
, Calder
AJ
. Disgust and happiness recognition correlate with anteroventral insula and amygdala volume respectively in preclinical Huntington’s disease
. J Cogn Neurosci
. 2007
Jul
;19
(7
):1206
–17
.
[PubMed]
0898-929X25.
Alexander
GE
, Crutcher
MD
. Preparation for movement: neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey
. J Neurophysiol
. 1990
Jul
;64
(1
):133
–50
.
[PubMed]
0022-307726.
Monchi
O
, Petrides
M
, Strafella
AP
, Worsley
KJ
, Doyon
J
. Functional role of the basal ganglia in the planning and execution of actions
. Ann Neurol
. 2006
Feb
;59
(2
):257
–64
.
[PubMed]
0364-513427.
Boecker
H
, Jankowski
J
, Ditter
P
, Scheef
L
. A role of the basal ganglia and midbrain nuclei for initiation of motor sequences
. Neuroimage
. 2008
Feb
;39
(3
):1356
–69
.
[PubMed]
1053-811928.
Yoshimi
K
, Kumada
S
, Weitemier
A
, Jo
T
, Inoue
M
. Reward-Induced Phasic Dopamine Release in the Monkey Ventral Striatum and Putamen
. PLoS One
. 2015
Jun
;10
(6
):e0130443
.
[PubMed]
1932-620329.
Fjaeldstad
A
, Fernandes
HM
, Van Hartevelt
TJ
, Gleesborg
C
, Møller
A
, Ovesen
T
, et al. Brain fingerprints of olfaction: a novel structural method for assessing olfactory cortical networks in health and disease
. Sci Rep
. 2017
Feb
;7
(1
):42534
.
[PubMed]
2045-232230.
Alaoui-Ismaïli
O
, Vernet-Maury
E
, Dittmar
A
, Delhomme
G
, Chanel
J
. Odor hedonics: connection with emotional response estimated by autonomic parameters
. Chem Senses
. 1997
Jun
;22
(3
):237
–48
.
[PubMed]
0379-864X31.
Bensafi
M
, Rouby
C
, Farget
V
, Vigouroux
M
, Holley
A
. Asymmetry of pleasant vs. unpleasant odor processing during affective judgment in humans
. Neurosci Lett
. 2002
Aug
;328
(3
):309
–13
.
[PubMed]
0304-394032.
Bensafi
M
, Sobel
N
, Khan
RM
. Hedonic-specific activity in piriform cortex during odor imagery mimics that during odor perception
. J Neurophysiol
. 2007
Dec
;98
(6
):3254
–62
.
[PubMed]
0022-307733.
Holbrook
EH
, Leopold
DA
, Schwob
JE
. Abnormalities of axon growth in human olfactory mucosa
. Laryngoscope
. 2005
Dec
;115
(12
):2144
–54
.
[PubMed]
0023-852X© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel
2019
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
