Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential association between primary open-angle glaucoma and receptor of advanced glycation end products (AGER) polymorphisms in a Greek population. Methods: This is a case-control study of 106 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and 120 healthy control subjects of Greek origin surveyed for AGER polymorphisms (rs1051993 and rs2070600) and a potential correlation to primary open-angle glaucoma. Results: AGER polymorphisms showed no statistically significant difference between patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and healthy controls. Conclusions: Our study did not find any significant association between AGER polymorphism and primary open-angle glaucoma. Since we cannot reject the possibility that oxidative stress is a crucial factor for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma, further studies may be needed to confirm the importance of the AGER gene in the glaucoma pathogenesis.

1.
Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY: Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2014;121:2081-2090.
2.
Quigley HA, Broman AT: The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:262-267.
3.
Gerber AL, Harris A, Siesky B, Lee E, Schaab TJ, Huck A, Amireskandari A: Vascular dysfunction in diabetes and glaucoma: a complex relationship reviewed. J Glaucoma 2015;24:474-479.
4.
Ster AM, Popp RA, Petrisor FM, Stan C, Pop VI: The role of oxidative stress and vascular insufficiency in primary open angle glaucoma. Clujul Med 2014;87:143-146.
5.
Greco A, Rizzo MI, De Virgilio A, Gallo A, Fusconi M, de Vincentiis M: Emerging concepts in glaucoma and review of the literature. Am J Med 2016;129:1000.
6.
Wiggs JL: Genetic etiologies of glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:30-37.
7.
Alward WL, Kwon YH, Kawase K, Craig JE, Hayreh SS, Johnson AT, Khanna CL, Yamamoto T, Mackey DA, Roos BR, Affatigato LM, Sheffield VC, Stone EM: Evaluation of optineurin sequence variations in 1,048 patients with open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:904-910.
8.
Fingert JH, Héon E, Liebmann JM, Yamamoto T, Craig JE, Rait J, Kawase K, Hoh ST, Buys YM, Dickinson J, Hockey RR, Williams-Lyn D, Trope G, Kitazawa Y, Ritch R, Mackey DA, Alward WL, Sheffield VC, Stone EM: Analysis of myocilin mutations in 1,703 glaucoma patients from five different populations. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8:899-905.
9.
Loomis SJ, Kang JH, Weinreb RN, Yaspan BL, Cooke Bailey JN, Gaasterland D, Gaasterland T, Lee RK, Lichter PR, Budenz DL, Liu Y, Realini T, Friedman DS, McCarty CA, Moroi SE, Olson L, Schuman JS, Singh K, Vollrath D, Wollstein G, Zack DJ, Brilliant M, Sit AJ, Christen WG, Fingert J, Kraft P, Zhang K, Allingham RR, Pericak-Vance MA, Richards JE, Hauser MA, Haines JL, Pasquale LR, Wiggs JL: Association of CAV1/CAV2 genomic variants with primary open-angle glaucoma overall and by gender and pattern of visual field loss. Ophthalmology 2014;121:508-516.
10.
Awadalla MS, Fingert JH, Roos BE, Chen S, Holmes R, Graham SL, Chehade M, Galanopolous A, Ridge B, Souzeau E, Zhou T, Siggs OM, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Burdon KP, Craig JE: Copy number variations of TBK1 in Australian patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2015;159:124-130.
11.
Chen Y, Hughes G, Chen X, Qian S, Cao W, Wang L, Wang M, Sun X: Genetic variants associated with different risks for high tension glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma in a Chinese population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015;56:2595-2600.
12.
Mabuchi F, Sakurada Y, Kashiwagi K, Yamagata Z, Iijima H, Tsukahara S: Association between SRBD1 and ELOVL5 gene polymorphisms and primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52:4626-4629.
13.
Miao L, St Clair DK: Regulation of superoxide dismutase genes: implications in disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009;47:344-356.
14.
Zhou Y, Shuai P, Li X, Liu X, Wang J, Yang Y, Hao F, Lin H, Zhang D, Gong B: Association of SOD2 polymorphisms with primary open angle glaucoma in a Chinese population. Ophthalmic Genet 2015;36:43-49.
15.
Abu-Amero KK, Azad TA, Mousa A, Osman EA, Sultan T, Al-Obeidan SA: Association of SOD2 Mutation (c.47T > C) with various primary angle closure glaucoma clinical indices. Ophthalmic Genet 2015;36:180-183.
16.
Lavaris A, Gazouli M, Brouzas D, Moschos MM: Polymorphism analysis of GSTM1 and OPA1 genes in Greek patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. In Vivo 2016;30:473-477.
17.
Amano S, Kaji Y, Oshika T, Oka T, Machinami R, Nagai R, Horiuchi S: Advanced glycation end products in human optic nerve head. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:52-55.
18.
Tezel G, Luo C, Yang X: Accelerated aging in glaucoma: immunohistochemical assessment of advanced glycation end products in the human retina and optic nerve head. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:1201-1211.
19.
Kalea AZ, Schmidt AM, Hudson BI: RAGE: a novel biological and genetic marker for vascular disease. Clin Sci 2009;116:621-637.
20.
Tripathi AK, Chawla D, Bansal S, Banerjee BD, Madhu SV, Kalra OP: Association of RAGE gene polymorphism with vascular complications in Indian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;103:474-481.
21.
Cai Z, Liu N, Wang C, Qin B, Zhou Y, Xiao M, Chang L, Yan LJ, Zhao B: Role of RAGE in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016;36:483-495.
22.
McNair E, Qureshi M, Prasad K, Pearce C: Atherosclerosis and the hypercholesterolemic AGE-RAGE axis. Int J Angiol 2016;25:110-116.
23.
Fukami K, Yamagishi S, Okuda S: Role of AGEs-RAGE system in cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:2395-2402.
24.
Win MT, Yamamoto Y, Munesue S, Saito H, Han D, Motoyoshi S, Kamal T, Ohara T, Watanabe T, Yamamoto H: Regulation of RAGE for attenuating progression of diabetic vascular complications. Exp Diabetes Res 2012;2012:894605.
25.
Mahajan N, Mahmood S, Jain S, Dhawan V: Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), inflammatory ligand EN-RAGE and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in subjects with Takayasu's arteritis. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:532-534.
26.
Kong GY, Van Bergen NJ, Trounce IA, Crowston JG: Mitochondrial dysfunction and glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2009;18:93-100.
27.
Fan BJ, Leung YF, Wang N, Lam SC, Liu Y, Tam OS, Pang CP: Genetic and environmental risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma. Chin Med J 2004;117:706-710.
28.
Aseervatham GS, Sivasudha T, Jeyadevi R, Arul Ananth D: Environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyle influence oxidative stress in humans - an overview. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013;20:4356-4369.
29.
Alvarado JA, Murphy CG, Polansky JR, Juster R: Agerelated changes in trabecular meshwork cellularity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981;21:714-727.
30.
Alvarado JA, Murphy CG, Rusty J: Trabecular meshwork cellularity in primary open angle glaucoma and non-glaucomatous normals. Ophthalmology 1984;91:564-579.
31.
Agarwal R, Gupta SK, Agarwal P, Saxena R, Agrawal SS: Current concepts in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009;57:257-266.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.