Purpose: To reveal vascular signals at the choriocapillaris level in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA). Procedures: We analyzed vascular signals at the choriocapillaris level in 58 CSC and 51 contralateral eyes by OCTA (RTVue XR Avanti with AngioVue; Optovue Inc., Fremont, Calif., USA). Data analysis included age, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), disease duration and serous retinal detachment (SRD) height. Results: Morphologically, abnormal signals at the choriocapillaris level were detected in all CSC eyes (100%), and then classified into three patterns. Age, BCVA, disease duration and SRD height showed no significant correlation with signal patterns. Thirty-one contralateral eyes (61%) showed abnormal signals at the choriocapillaris level on OCTA, while 20 (39%) had a normal pattern. Conclusions: OCTA revealed three types of abnormal signals not only in CSC eyes but also in fellow eyes without SRD. OCTA may provide information for elucidating the underlying pathogenesis of CSC.

Keywords:
Angiography, Central serous chorioretinopathy, Choriocapillaris, Indocyanine green angiography, Optical coherence tomography
1.
Gass JD: Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1967;63(suppl):1-139.
2.
Gilbert CM, Owens SL, Smith PD, Fine SL: Long-term follow-up of central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1984;68:815-820.
3.
Levine R, Brucker AJ, Robinson F: Long-term follow-up of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy by fluorescein angiography. Ophthalmology 1989;96:854-859.
4.
Jia Y, Bailey ST, Wilson DJ, Tan O, Klein ML, Flaxel CJ, Potsaid B, Liu JJ, Lu CD, Kraus MF, Fujimoto JG, Huang D: Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2014;121:1435-1444.
5.
Moult E, Choi W, Waheed NK, Adhi M, Lee B, Lu CD, Jayaraman V, Potsaid B, Rosenfeld PJ, Duker JS, Fujimoto JG: Ultrahigh-speed swept-source OCT angiography in exudative AMD. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2014;45:496-505.
6.
Ishibazawa A, Nagaoka T, Takahashi A, Omae T, Tani T, Sogawa K, Yokota H, Yoshida A: Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy: a prospective pilot study. Am J Ophthalmol 2015;160:35-44.
7.
Shinojima A, Hirose T, Mori R, Kawamura A, Yuzawa M: Morphologic findings in acute central serous chorioretinopathy using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography with simultaneous angiography. Retina 2010;30:193-202.
8.
Shinojima A, Kawamura A, Mori R, Fujita K, Yuzawa M: Detection of morphologic alterations by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography before and after half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2011;31:1912-1920.
9.
Imamura Y, Fujiwara T, Margolis R, Spaide RF: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2009;29:1469-1473.
10.
Maruko I, Iida T, Sugano Y, Ojima A, Sekiryu T: Subfoveal choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 2011;31:1603-1608.
11.
Ferrara D, Mohler KJ, Waheed N, Adhi M, Liu JJ, Grulkowski I, Kraus MF, Baumal C, Hornegger J, Fujimoto JG, Duker JS: En face enhanced-depth swept-source optical coherence tomography features of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2014;121:719-726.
12.
Hamzah F, Shinojima A, Mori R, Yuzawa M: Choroidal thickness measurement by enhanced depth imaging and swept-source optical coherence tomography in central serous chorioretinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2014;14:145.
13.
Braaf B, Vienola KV, Sheehy CK, Yang Q, Vermeer KA, Tiruveedhula P, Arathorn DW, Roorda A, de Boer JF: Real-time eye motion correction in phase-resolved OCT angiography with tracking SLO. Biomed Opt Express 2013;4:51-65.
14.
Teussink MM, Breukink MB, van Grinsven MJ, Hoyng CB, Klevering BJ, Boon CJ, de Jong EK, Theelen T: OCT angiography compared to fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015;56:5229-5237.
15.
Costanzo E, Cohen SY, Miere A, Querques G, Capuano V, Semoun O, El Ameen A, Oubraham H, Souied EH: Optical coherence tomography angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2015;2015:134783.
16.
Wang M, Munch IC, Hasler PW, Prünte C, Larsen M: Central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2008;86:126-145.
17.
Hasegawa T, Okamoto M, Masuda N, Ueda T, Ogata N: Relationship between foveal microstructures and visual outcomes in eyes with resolved central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015;253:343-350.
18.
Spaide RF, Ryan EH Jr: Loculation of fluid in the posterior choroid in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2015;160:1211-1216.
19.
Dansingani KK, Balaratnasingam C, Naysan J, Freund KB: En face imaging of pachychoroid spectrum disorders with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Retina 2016;36:499-516.
20.
Saito M, Saito W, Hirooka K, Hashimoto Y, Mori S, Noda K, Ishida S: Pulse waveform changes in macular choroidal hemodynamics with regression of acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015;56:6515-6522.
21.
Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK: Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina 2015;35:2163-2180.
© 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel
2016
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.