Laser cyclophotocoagulation is an accepted method of cyclodestruction, such as cyclocryothermy and the application of cyclodiathermy, microwaves and ultrasound. These procedures may be considered as ultima ratios or ‘last-resort interventions’. Also, in cases where surgery is not possible, cyclodestruction may be the initial intervention. Among other lasers, the Nd:YAG and diode lasers are the energy sources of choice. Contact and noncontact methods have about the same clinical efficiency and risk. While immediate complications are transitory, other, late complications, mentioned in the world literature, such as sympathetic ophthalmia, malignant glaucoma and retinal detachment, are more serious but are rare, and their causal relationship with the cyclodestructive procedure is doubtful. However, they still merit our attention. The ultrastructural mechanisms related to cyclocoagulation have been studied. The study of aqueous flow may improve our understanding of cyclophotocoagulation techniques. Cyclophotocoagulation is considered an important cornerstone in glaucoma therapy. The uncertainty of its effect is no greater than that of any other therapeutic measure in the treatment of glaucoma.

Keywords:
Laser, Cyclophotocoagulation, Cyclocryothermy, Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, Diode laser, Argon laser, Last-resort procedure, Glaucoma, malignant
1.
Weve H: Die Zyklodiathermie des Corpus ciliare bei Glaukom. Zentralbl Ophthalmol 1936;29:562–569.
2.
Vogt A: Versuche zur intraokularen Druckherabsetzung mittels Diathermieschädigung des Corpus ciliare (Zyklodiathermiestichelung). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1936;97:672–677.
3.
Haik GM, Breffeth LA, Barbar A: Beta irradiation as a possible therapeutic agent in glaucoma: An experimental study with the report of a clinical case. Am J Ophthalmol 1948;31:945–952.
4.
Berens C, Sheppard LD, Duel AB Jr: Cycloelectrolysis for glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1949;47:364–380.
5.
Bietti G: Surgical intervention of the ciliary body: New trends for the relief of glaucoma. JAMA 1950;142:889–897.
6.
Shields MB: Cyclodestructive surgery for glaucoma: Past, present, future. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1985;83:285–303.
7.
Weekers R, Lavergne G, Watillon M, et al: Effects of photocoagulation of ciliary body upon ocular tension. Am J Ophthalmol 1961;52:156–163.
8.
Purnell EW, Sokollu A, Torchia R, et al: Focal chorioretinitis produced by ultrasound. Invest Ophthalmol 1964;47:657–664.
9.
Coleman DJ, Lizzi FL, Proller J, et al: Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of glaucoma. I. Experimental model. Ophthalmology 1985;92:339–346.
10.
Coleman DJ, Lizzi FL, Drillen J, et al: Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of glaucoma. II. Clinical applications. Ophthalmology 1985;92:347–353.
11.
Valtot F, Kopel J, Petit E, Moulin F, Haut J: Treatment of refractory glaucoma with high intensity focused ultrasonics. J Fr Ophthalmol 1995;18:3–12.
12.
Yoneda M, Okada T, Sano T, Miki H: Experimental studies on microwave cyclocoagulation of rabbit eyes. Nippon Ganka Gaakai Zasshi 1984;88:773–778.
13.
Finger PT, Perry HD, Shakin JL, Bisciotti DR, Nattis RJ: Microwave cyclodestruction: Evaluation on human eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:678–682.
14.
Finger PT, Moshfeghi DM, Smith PD, Perry HD: Microwave cyclodestruction for glaucoma in rabbit model. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:1001–1004.
15.
Finger PT, Smith PD, Paglione RW, Perry HD: Transscleral microwave cyclodestruction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990;31:2151–2155.
16.
Beckman H, Kinoshita A, Rota AN, et al: Transscleral ruby laser irradiation of the ciliary body in the treatment of intractable glaucoma. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1972;46:423–436.
17.
Beckman H, Sugar HS: Neodymium laser cyclocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1973;90:27–28.
18.
Lee PF, Pomerantzeff FF: Transpupillary cyclophotocoagulation of rabbit eyes: An experimental approach to glaucoma surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;71:911–920.
19.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S, Van der Zypen E: Some new anterior segment applications of the Sirius-Microruptor 2 system. Ann Inst Barraquer 1985;18:101–107.
20.
Fankhauser F, Van der Zypen E, Kwasniewska S, et al: Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation using a neodymium YAG laser. Ophthalmic Surg 1986;1:125–141.
21.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S, Rol P: Utilisation transsclérale du laser néodymium:YAG dans le traitement des glaucomes; in Bechetoille A (ed): Les glaucomes. Paris, Japperenard, 1987.
22.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: Nd:YAG-Zyklophotokoagulation; in Gloor B (ed): Glaukomchirurgie im Detail. Bücherei des Augenarztes. Stuttgart, Enke, 1994, pp 69–81.
23.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S, Van der Zypen E: Die experimentelle und klinische Anwendung des im thermischen Betrieb arbeitenden Neodym:YAG-Lasers. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1987;191:169–173.
24.
Kwasniewska S, Fankhauser F, Van der Zypen E, Rol P, Henchoz PD, England C: Acute effects following transscleral contact irradiation of the ciliary body and the retina/choroid with the cw Nd:YAG laser. Lasers Light Ophthalmol 1988;2:25–34.
25.
England C, Van der Zypen E, Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: A comparison of optical methods used for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in rabbit eyes produced with the Nd:YAG laser: A morphological, physical and clinical analysis. Lasers Light Ophthalmol 1988;2:87–102.
26.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser; in L’Espérance FA Jr (ed): Ophthalmic Laser II. St Louis, Mosby, 1989, pp 781–886.
27.
Fankhauser F: Lasereingriffe an den vorderen Augenabschnitten und am Glaskörper (Kapitel XII); in Mackensen G, Neubauer H (eds): Augenärztliche Operationen. Berlin, Springer 1989, vol 3, pp 163–170.
28.
Van der Zypen E, England C, Fankhauser S: The effect of transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation on rabbit ciliary body vascularization. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1989;227:172–179.
29.
Van der Zypen E, England C, Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: Cyclophotocoagulation in glaucoma therapy. Int Ophthalmol 1989;13:163–166.
30.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: A new universal laser apparatus for intra- and extraocular irradiation tasks in the eye. Ophthalmic Surg 1990;21:258–262.
31.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: Laser surgery in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1990;1:141–143.
32.
Fankhauser F, Rol P, Kwasniewska S: Considerations and methods for laser surgery in the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1990;30:130–137.
33.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S, Van der Zypen E, England C: Laser cyclocoagulation. Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol 1992;244:177–179.
34.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: The role of laser cyclocoagulation in cyclodestructive glaucoma surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1993;4:79–84.
35.
Nesterov AP, Egrov EA, Egorov AE, Kats DV: Effects of transscleral laser cyclo-photocoagulation on intraocular pressure and visual function in patients with far advanced open-angle glaucoma. Vest Oftalmol 2001;117:3–4.
36.
Balazsi G: Noncontact thermal mode Nd:YAG laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of glaucoma: Intermediate follow-up. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1858–1863.
37.
Trope GE, Murphy PH: Immediate pressure effects of Nd:YAG cyclocoagulation. Am Ophthalmol 1991;112:603–604.
38.
Krasnov MM, Naumidi LP: Contact transscleral cyclocoagulation in glaucoma. Ann Ophthalmol 1990;22:354–358.
39.
Krasnov MM, Naumidi P: Trans-scleral contact laser cyclocoagulation in glaucoma. Vestn Oftalmol 1988;104:35–40.
40.
Krasnov MM, Naumidi LP, Federov AA: Morphological research on the ciliary body in contact transscleral laser cyclocoagulation of human and rabbit eyes. Vestn Oftalmol 1988;104:11–13.
41.
Nasisse MP, Davidson MG, English RV, Jamieson V, Harling DE, Tate LP: Treatment of glaucoma by use of transscleral neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser cyclocoagulation in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;197:350–354.
42.
Nasisse MD, McGahan MC, Shields M, Echelman D, Fleisher LN: Inflammatory effects of continuous wave neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser cyclocoagulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:2216–2223.
43.
Kalenak JW, Parkinson JM, Kass MA, Kolker AE: Transscleral neodymium:YAG laser cyclocoagulation for uncontrolled glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg 1990;21:346–351.
44.
Trope GE, Ma S: Mid-term effects of neodymium:YAG transscleral cyclocoagulation in glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1990;97:73–75.
45.
McAllister J, O’Brian C: Neodymium:YAG transscleral cyclocoagulation: A clinical study. Eye 1990;4:651–656.
46.
Klapper RM, Wandel T, Donnenfeld E, et al: Transscleral neodymium:YAG thermal cyclophotocoagulation in refractory glaucoma: A preliminary report. Ophthalmology 1988;95:719–722.
47.
Devenyi RG, Trope GE, Hunter WH, Badeeb O: Neodymium:YAG transscleral cyclocoagulation in human eyes. Ophthalmology 1987;94:1519–1522.
48.
Devenyi RG,Trope GE, Hunter WS, Hunter WH: Neodymium: YAG transscleral cyclocoagulation in rabbit eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 1987;71:441–444.
49.
Wilensky JT, Welch D, Mirolovich M: Transscleral cyclocoagulation using a neodymium: YAG laser. Ophthalmic Surg 1985;16:95–98.
50.
Schwartz LW, Moster MR: Neodymium:YAG laser transscleral cyclodiathermy. Ophthalmic Laser Ther 1986;1:135–141.
51.
Uram M: Transscleral Nd:YAG laser cyclodestruction. Ophthalmic Surg 1993;24:133.
52.
Bartamian M, Higginbotham EJ: What is the horizon for cycloablation? Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2001;12:119–123.
53.
Crymes BM, Gross RL: Laser placement in noncontact Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;110:670–673.
54.
Brooks AMV, Gillies WE: The use of YAG cyclophotocoagulation to lower pressure in advanced glaucoma. Aus NZ J Ophthalmol 1991;19:207–210.
55.
Wright MM, Orajewski AL, Feuer WJ: Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation: Outcome of treatment for uncontrolled glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg 1991;22:279–283.
56.
Suzuki Y, Araie M, Yumita A, et al: Transscleral Nd:YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation versus cyclocryotherapy. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991;229:33–36.
57.
Hardten DR, Brown DJ: Transscleral neodymium:YAG cyclophotocoagulation: Comparison of 180-degree and 360-degree initial treatments. Ophthalmic Surg 1993;24:181–184.
58.
Shields MB, Wilkerson MH, Echelman DA: A comparison of two energy levels for non-contact transscleral neodymium:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:484–487.
59.
Shields MB, Shields SE: Non-contact transscleral Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation: A long-term follow-up of 500 patients. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1994;92:271–287.
60.
Baez KA, Ulbig MW, McHugh D, et al: Long-term results of ab externo neodymium:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Ger J Ophthalmol 1994;3:395–399.
61.
Miyazaki M, Itoya T: Effect of transscleral Nd:YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation: Research for a new manner of treatment. Ophthalmologica 1994;208:122–130.
62.
Dickens CJ, Nguyen N, Iwach AG, Gaffney MM, Mora JS, Wong PC, Tran H: Long-term results of non-contact transscleral neodymium:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1777–1781.
63.
Shields S, Stewart WC, Shields MD: Transpupillary argon laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg 1998;19:171–175.
64.
Kim DD, Moster MR: Transpupillary argon laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of traumatic glaucoma. J Glaucoma 1999;8:340–341.
65.
Hennis HL, Stewart WC: Semi-conductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in patients with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;113:81–85.
66.
Stroman GA, Stewart WC, Hamzavi S, et al: Contact versus noncontact diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in cadaver eyes. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1996;27:60–65.
67.
Federman JL, Ando F, Schubert HD, et al: Contact laser for transscleral photocoagulation. Ophthalmic Surg 1987;18:183–184.
68.
Schuman JS, Puliafito CA, Allingham RR, et al: Contact transscleral continuous wave neodymium:YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation. Ophthalmology 1990;97:571–580.
69.
Schuman JS, Bellows AR, Shingleton BJ, et al: Contact Nd:YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation. Ophthalmology 1992;99:1089–1095.
70.
Allingham RR, de Kater AW, Bellows AR, et al: Probe placement and power levels in contact transscleral neodymium:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:738–741.
71.
Brancato R, Carassa RG, Bettin P, et al: Contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with diode laser in refractory glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 1995;5:32–39.
72.
Brancato R, Trabucci G, et al: Probe placement and energy levels in continuous wave neodymium:YAG contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:679–683.
73.
Kosoko O, Gaasterland DE, Pollak IP, et al: Long-term outcome of initial ciliary ablation with contact diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for severe glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1996;103:1294–1302.
74.
Bloom M, Weber PA: Probe orientation in contact Nd:YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation. Ophthalmic Surg 1992;23:364–366.
75.
Bloom PA, Tsa JL, Sharma K, et al: ‘Cyclodiode’ transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of advanced refractory glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1508–1520.
76.
Bock CJ, Freedman SF, Buckley EG, et al: Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation for refractory pediatric glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strab 1997;34:235–239.
77.
Wong EM, Chew PT, Chee CK, et al: Diode laser contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma in Asian patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:797–804.
78.
Walland MJ: Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation: Dose standardized therapy in end-stage glaucoma. Aus NZ J Ophthalmol 1998;26:135–139.
79.
Yap-Veloso MIR, Simmons RB, Echelman DA, et al: Intraocular pressure control after contact transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation in eyes with intractable glaucoma. J Glaucoma 1998;7:319–328.
80.
Threlkeld AB, Johnson MH: Contact transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma. J Glaucoma 1999;8:3–7.
81.
Rebolleda G, Munoz FJ, Murube J: Audible pops during cyclodiode procedures. J Glaucoma 1999;8:177–183.
82.
Spencer AF, Vernon SA: ‘Cyclodiode’: Results of a standard protocol. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:311–316.
83.
Wallard MJ: Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation: Longer-term follow-up of a standardized protocol. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000;28:263–266.
84.
Pucci V, Marchini G, Pedrotti E, et al: Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in refractory glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 2001;215:263–266.
85.
Immonen IJR, Puska P, Raitta C: Transscleral contact krypton laser cyclophotocoagulation for treatment of glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1994;101:876–882.
86.
Kivela T, Puska P, Raitta C, et al: Clinically successful contact transscleral krypton laser cyclocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1447–1453.
87.
Aleksandrova NN, Saprykin PI, Semenov AD, Rodionov VV: The morphological changes in the eye tissue of rabbits in transconjunctival-scleral cyclocoagulation by the radiation of a krypton laser operating continuously. Oftalmol Zh 1990;5:300–303.
88.
Raivio VE, Immonen IJR, Laatikainen LT, et al: Transscleral contact krypton laser cyclocoagulation for treatment of posttraumatic glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2001;10:77–84.
89.
Uram M: Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation in glaucoma management. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1995;6:19–29.
90.
Mora JS, Iwach AG, Gaffney MM, et al: Endoscopic diode laser cyclophotocoagulation with a limbal approach. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:118–123.
91.
Chen J, Cohn RA, Lin SC, et al: Endoscopic photocoagulation of the ciliary body for treatment of refractory glaucomas. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;14:787–796.
92.
Plaser DA, Neely DE: Intermediate-term results of endoscopic diode laser cyclophotocoagulation for pediatric glaucoma. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol 1999;3:131–137.
93.
Bartl G, Hofmann H, Wocheslaender E: Direkte Ziliarkörperkoagulation mit dem Argonlaser. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1983;79:438–440.
94.
Klapper RM, Dodick J: Transpupillary argon laser cyclophotocoagulation. Doc Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1984;36:197–203.
95.
Merrit JC: Transpupillary photocoagulation of the ciliary processes. Ann Ophthalmol 1976;8:325–328.
96.
Herschler J: Laser shrinkage of ciliary processes: A treatment for malignant (ciliary block) glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1980;87:1155–1159.
97.
Balazsi G, Solomon LD: YAG laser transscleral thermal cyclocoagulation in the treatment of pseudophakic ciliary block glaucoma. Ophthalmic Pract 1988;6:3.
98.
Charles S: Endophotocoagulation. Retina 1981;1:117–120.
99.
Patel A, Thompson JT, Michels RG, Quigley HA: Endolaser treatment of ciliary body for uncontrolled glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1986;93:825–830.
100.
Zarbin MA, Michels RG, de Bustros S, et al: Endolaser treatment of the ciliary body for severe glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1639.
101.
Uram M: Ophthalmic laser microendoscope ciliary process ablation in the management of neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1992;99:1823–1828.
102.
Uram M: Ophthalmic endoscope endophotocoagulation. Ophthalmology 1992;99:1829–1832.
103.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: Cyclodestructive procedures. II. Optical fibers – Endoscopy – Physics: A review. Ophthalmologica, in press.
104.
Coleman AL, Jampel HD, Javitt JC, et al: Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation of human autopsy and monkey eyes. Ophthalmic Surg 1991;22:638–643.
105.
Rol P, Niederer P, Dürr U, Henchoz PD, Fankhauser F: Experimental investigations on the light scattering properties of the human sclera. Lasers Light Ophthalmol 1990;3:201–212.
106.
Vogel A, Dlugos CH, Nuffer R, et al: Optical properties of human sclera and their consequences for transscleral laser applications. Lasers Surg Med 1991;11:331–340.
107.
Kahn RH: Eine Methode der Spektroskopie des Haemoglobins im lebenden Tiere. Pflügers Arch 1922;195:361–365.
108.
Echelmann DA, Shields ST, Shields MB, et al: Variability of contact transscleral neodymium:YAG cyclophotocoagulation (ARVO abstracts). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:1019.
109.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S, Dürr U, Van der Zypen E, England C, Bättig B: A new instrument for controlling pressure exerted on the sclera during contact Nd:YAG laser cyclodestruction. Ophthalmic Surg 1992;23:465–468.
110.
Dürr U, Henchoz PD, Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: Results and methods of transscleral cyclodestruction – A new contact lens for use with non-contact systems. Lasers Light Ophthalmol 1990;3:123–131.
111.
Rol P, Kwasniewska S, Van der Zypen E, et al: Transscleral iridotomy using a neodymium:YAG laser operated both with standard equipment and an optical fiber system: A preliminary report. I. Optical system and biomicroscopic results. Ophthalmic Surg 1987;18:176–182.
112.
Shields MB, Blasini M, Simmons RB, et al: A contact lens for transscleral Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;108:457.
113.
Schwartz GP, Schwartz LW, Spaeth GL: Laser cyclodestructive procedures of the ciliary body; in Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S (eds): Lasers in Ophthalmology: Basic, Diagnostic, Surgical Aspects – A Review. Amsterdam, Kugler, 2003, pp 341–351.
114.
McAllister J, O’Brien C: Neodymium:YAG transscleral cyclocoagulation: A clinical study. Eye 1990;4:651–656.
115.
Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S: The role of the laser cyclocoagulation in cyclodestructive glaucoma surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1993;4:79–84.
116.
Simmons RB, Shields MB, Echelmann DA: Pulsed versus continuous wave transscleral Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation: A histopathological study (ARVO abstracts). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:747.
117.
Schuman JS, Puliafito CA: Laser cyclocoagulation. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1990;30:111–119.
118.
Barraquer RI, Kargacin M: Nd:YAG laser diascleral cyclophotocoagulation: Survival analysis after four years. Dev Ophthalmol 1991;22:132–137.
119.
Hampton C, Shields MB, Miller KN, Blasini M: Evaluation of a protocol for transscleral neodymium: YAG cyclophotocoagulation in one hundred patients. Ophthalmology 1990;97:910–917.
120.
Bellows AR, Grant WM: Cyclocryotherapy of chronic open-angle glaucoma in aphakic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;85:615–621.
121.
Brindley G, Shields MB: Values and limitations of cyclocryotherapy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1986;224:545–548.
122.
Feibel RM, Bigger JR: Rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma: Evaluation of cyclocryotherapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1972;74:862–867.
123.
Krupin T, Mitchell KB, Becker B: Cyclocryotherapy in neovascular glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;86:24–26.
124.
Benson MT, Nelson ME: Cyclocryotherapy: A review of cases over a 10-year period. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:103–105.
125.
Gross RL, Feldman RM, Spaeth GL, et al: Surgical therapy of chronic glaucoma in aphakia and pseudophakia. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1195–1201.
126.
Caprioli J, Strang SL, Spaeth GL, Poryzees EH, et al: Cyclocryotherapy in the treatment of advanced glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1985;92:947–954.
127.
Walton DS, Grant WM: Penetrating cyclodiathermy filtration. Arch Ophthalmol 1970;83:47–48.
128.
Pollack FM, de Roeth A Jr: Effect of freezing of the ciliary body (cyclocryotherapy). Invest Ophthalmol 1964;3:164–170.
129.
Raisio V: Red laser cyclophotocoagulation for treatment of therapy resistant glaucoma. Dissertation, University of Helsinki 2002.
130.
McLean JM, Lincoff HA: Cryosurgery of the ciliary body. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1964;62:385–407.
131.
Fiore PM, Melamed S, Krug JH Jr: Focal scleral thinning after transscleral Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Ophthalmic Surg 1989;20:215–216.
132.
Minckler DS: Does Nd:YAG cyclotherapy cause sympathetic ophthalmia (editorial). Ophthalmic Surg 1989;20:543.
133.
Edward DP, Brown SVL, Higginbotham E, et al: Sympathetic ophthalmic following neodymium:YAG cyclotherapy. Ophthalmic Surg 1989;20:544–546.
134.
Bechrakis NE, Müller-Stolzenburg NW, Helbig H, et al: Sympathetic ophthalmia following laser cyclophotocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:80–84.
135.
Brancato R, Pratesi R, Leoni G, et al: Histopathology of diode and argon laser lesions in rabbit retina: A comparative study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989;30:1504–1510.
136.
Chen T, Pasquale LR, Walton DS, et al: Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1999;39:169–176.
137.
Hardten DR, Brown JD: Malignant glaucoma after Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:245–247.
138.
Neudorfer M, Lazar M: Retinal detachment as a complication of neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser cyclophotocoagulation. Ann Ophthalmol 1993;25:170–172.
139.
Trezek GJ: Thermal analysis for cryosurgery; in Shitzer A, Eberhart C (eds): Heat Transfer in Medicine and Biology. New York, Plenum Press, 1985, vol II, pp 239–259.
140.
Noureddin BN, Wilson-Holt N, Lavin M, Jeffrey M, Hitchings RA: Advanced uncontrolled glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1992;99:430–437.
141.
Minckler D: Perspectives on glaucoma drainage implants. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 1995;8:383–391.
142.
Hitchings RA, Lavin MJ, Cathorpe M: Glaucoma drainage tubes – Their role in glaucoma management. Int Ophthalmol 1989;13:151–157.
143.
Krupin TH, Birt CM, Shin DH, et al: Long-term outcome of Molteno device implantation with and without adjunctive mitomycin-C use (ARVO abstracts). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35:1915.
144.
Lloyd MA, Minckler DS, Heuer DK, et al: Echographic evaluation of glaucoma shunts. Ophthalmology 1993;100:919–927.
145.
McDonnel PJ, Robin JB, Schanzlin DJ: Molteno implant for control of glaucoma in eyes after penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 1988;95:364–369.
146.
Shocket SS, Nirankari VS, Lakhanpal V, et al: Anterior chamber tube shunt to encircling band in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma and other refractory glaucomas: A long-term study. Ophthalmology 1985;92:553–562.
147.
Arroyave CP, Scott IU, Gedde SJ, Parrish RK, Feuer WJ: Use of glaucoma drainage devices in the management of glaucoma associated with aniridia. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;135:155–159.
148.
Friedman AH, Schmidt CB, Camras CB, Podos SM: Histopathological time course after contact transscleral laser cyclophotocoagulation in pigmented rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Abstract Issue 1992;33:1197.
149.
Schubert HD, Federman JL: The role of inflammation in cw Nd:YAG contact transscleral photocoagulation and cryopexy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989;30:543–549.
150.
Schubert HD, Federman JL: A comparison of cw Nd:YAG contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with cyclocryopexy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989;30:536–542.
151.
Schubert HD, Agarwala A, Arbizo V: Changes in aqueous outflow after in vitro neodymium-aluminum-garnet laser cyclophotocoagulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990;31:1834–1838.
152.
Schmidt KG, Bhuytan KG, Camras CB, Zhan G, Podos SM: The role of prostaglandins and uveoscleral outflow in the reduction of intraocular pressure after contact transscleral Nd:YAG laser cyclophotocoagulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Abstract Issue 1992;33:1269.
153.
Van der Zypen E, Fankhauser F: Der Abfluss des Kammerwassers aus dem Spatium suprachorioidale nach Cyclodialyse. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1983;79:409–412.
154.
England C, Van der Zypen E, Fankhauser F, et al: Ultrastructure of the rabbit ciliary body following transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with the free-running Nd:YAG laser: Preliminary findings. Lasers Ophthalmol 1986;1:61–70.
155.
Hampton C, Shields MB: Transscleral neodymium-YAG cyclocoagulation: A histologic study of human autopsy eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:1121.
156.
Goldmann H: Über Fluorescein in der menschlichen Vorderkammer. Ophthalmologica 1950;119:65–95.
157.
Koivo AJ, Stjernschantz J: Identification of a fluorescein model for determination of the flow rate of aqueous humor in the eye. Comput Biol Med 1979;9:1–9.
© 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel
2004
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.