Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been proposed as a potential treatment add-on for positive symptoms in schizophrenia. To summarize the current evidence for its efficacy, we reviewed clinical trials from the last 20 years that investigated TMS for positive symptoms. We performed a search on the PubMed database for clinical trials that used TMS for the treatment of positive symptoms published in peer-reviewed journals. We excluded reviews, case reports, and opinion papers. Of the 30 studies included, the majority (n = 25) investigated auditory verbal hallucinations. Twelve studies found evidence for a positive treatment effect of TMS on positive symptoms, while 18 did not find enough evidence to conclude that TMS is effective for positive symptoms. However, the small sample size of the majority of studies is a limiting factor for the reliability of previous findings. In conclusion, evidence for an effect of TMS on positive symptoms was mixed. Since most of the studies were performed in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations, further research of TMS for other positive symptoms including thought disorder and delusions is warranted.

1.
Tandon
R
,
Nasrallah
HA
,
Keshavan
MS
.
Schizophrenia, “just the facts” 4. Clinical features and conceptualization
.
Schizophr Res
.
2009
May
;
110
(
1-3
):
1
23
.
[PubMed]
0920-9964
2.
Association
AP
.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®)
.
American Psychiatric Pub
;
2013
.
3.
Winkelbeiner
S
,
Cavelti
M
,
Federspiel
A
,
Kunzelmann
K
,
Dierks
T
,
Strik
W
, et al.
Decreased blood flow in the right insula and middle temporal gyrus predicts negative formal thought disorder in schizophrenia
.
Schizophr Res
.
2018
Nov
;
201
:
432
4
.
[PubMed]
0920-9964
4.
Homan
P
,
Vermathen
P
,
Van Swam
C
,
Federspiel
A
,
Boesch
C
,
Strik
W
, et al.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigations of functionally defined language areas in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory hallucinations
.
Neuroimage
.
2014
Jul
;
94
:
23
32
.
[PubMed]
1053-8119
5.
Winkelbeiner
S
,
Suker
S
,
Bachofner
H
,
Eisenhardt
S
,
Steinau
S
,
Walther
S
, et al.
Targeting Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms With rTMS and Perfusion Imaging
.
Am J Psychiatry
.
2018
Jan
;
175
(
1
):
81
3
.
[PubMed]
0002-953X
6.
Cavelti
M
,
Winkelbeiner
S
,
Federspiel
A
,
Walther
S
,
Stegmayer
K
,
Giezendanner
S
, et al.
Formal thought disorder is related to aberrations in language-related white matter tracts in patients with schizophrenia
.
Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging
.
2018
Sep
;
279
:
40
50
.
[PubMed]
0925-4927
7.
Waters
F
,
Fernyhough
C
.
Hallucinations: a systematic review of points of similarity and difference across diagnostic classes
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2017
Jan
;
43
(
1
):
32
43
.
[PubMed]
0586-7614
8.
Shergill
SS
,
Murray
RM
,
McGuire
PK
.
Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments
.
Schizophr Res
.
1998
Aug
;
32
(
3
):
137
50
.
[PubMed]
0920-9964
9.
Hor
K
,
Taylor
M
.
Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors
.
J Psychopharmacol
.
2010
Nov
;
24
(
4
Suppl
):
81
90
.
[PubMed]
0269-8811
10.
Lehman
AF
,
Lieberman
JA
,
Dixon
LB
,
McGlashan
TH
,
Miller
AL
,
Perkins
DO
, et al.
Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia
, second edition. The American Journal of Psychiatry
2004
;161:1-56.
11.
Leucht
S
,
Corves
C
,
Arbter
D
,
Engel
RR
,
Li
C
,
Davis
JM
.
Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
.
Lancet
.
2009
Jan
;
373
(
9657
):
31
41
.
[PubMed]
0140-6736
12.
Rossi
S
,
Hallett
M
,
Rossini
PM
,
Pascual-Leone
A
;
Safety of TMS Consensus Group
.
Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research
.
Clin Neurophysiol
.
2009
Dec
;
120
(
12
):
2008
39
.
[PubMed]
1388-2457
13.
Wagner
T
,
Valero-Cabre
A
,
Pascual-Leone
A
.
Noninvasive human brain stimulation
.
Annu Rev Biomed Eng
.
2007
;
9
(
1
):
527
65
.
[PubMed]
1523-9829
14.
Valero-Cabré
A
,
Amengual
JL
,
Stengel
C
,
Pascual-Leone
A
,
Coubard
OA
.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in basic and clinical neuroscience: A comprehensive review of fundamental principles and novel insights
.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev
.
2017
Dec
;
83
:
381
404
.
[PubMed]
0149-7634
15.
Baeken
C
,
Brem
AK
,
Arns
M
,
Brunoni
AR
,
Filipčić
I
,
Ganho-Ávila
A
, et al.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for depressive disorders: current knowledge and future directions
.
Curr Opin Psychiatry
.
2019
Jun
;
1
.
[PubMed]
0951-7367
16.
Rapinesi
C
,
Kotzalidis
GD
,
Ferracuti
S
,
Sani
G
,
Girardi
P
,
Del Casale
A
.
Brain Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic Review
.
Curr Neuropharmacol
.
2019
Apr
;
17
(
8
):
787
807
.
[PubMed]
1570-159X
17.
Valero-Cabré
A
,
Pascual-Leone
A
,
Coubard
OA
.
[Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in basic and clinical neuroscience research]
.
Rev Neurol (Paris)
.
2011
Apr
;
167
(
4
):
291
316
.
[PubMed]
0035-3787
18.
Kindler
J
,
Homan
P
,
Jann
K
,
Federspiel
A
,
Flury
R
,
Hauf
M
, et al.
Reduced neuronal activity in language-related regions after transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for auditory verbal hallucinations
.
Biol Psychiatry
.
2013
Mar
;
73
(
6
):
518
24
.
[PubMed]
0006-3223
19.
Lefaucheur
JP
,
André-Obadia
N
,
Antal
A
,
Ayache
SS
,
Baeken
C
,
Benninger
DH
, et al.
Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
.
Clin Neurophysiol
.
2014
Nov
;
125
(
11
):
2150
206
.
[PubMed]
1388-2457
20.
Blumberger
DM
,
Vila-Rodriguez
F
,
Thorpe
KE
,
Feffer
K
,
Noda
Y
,
Giacobbe
P
, et al.
Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial
.
Lancet
.
2018
Apr
;
391
(
10131
):
1683
92
.
[PubMed]
0140-6736
21.
Hoffman
RE
,
Boutros
NN
,
Berman
RM
,
Roessler
E
,
Belger
A
,
Krystal
JH
, et al.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex in three patients reporting hallucinated “voices”
.
Biol Psychiatry
.
1999
Jul
;
46
(
1
):
130
2
.
[PubMed]
0006-3223
22.
Cavelti
M
,
Kircher
T
,
Nagels
A
,
Strik
W
,
Homan
P
.
Is formal thought disorder in schizophrenia related to structural and functional aberrations in the language network? A systematic review of neuroimaging findings
.
Schizophr Res
.
2018
Sep
;
199
:
2
16
.
[PubMed]
0920-9964
23.
Rosenberg
O
,
Roth
Y
,
Kotler
M
,
Zangen
A
,
Dannon
P
.
Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of auditory hallucinations: a preliminary open-label study
.
Ann Gen Psychiatry
.
2011
Feb
;
10
(
1
):
3
.
[PubMed]
1744-859X
24.
Dierks
T
,
Linden
DE
,
Jandl
M
,
Formisano
E
,
Goebel
R
,
Lanfermann
H
, et al.
Activation of Heschl’s gyrus during auditory hallucinations
.
Neuron
.
1999
Mar
;
22
(
3
):
615
21
.
[PubMed]
0896-6273
25.
Jardri
R
,
Pouchet
A
,
Pins
D
,
Thomas
P
.
Cortical activations during auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a coordinate-based meta-analysis
.
Am J Psychiatry
.
2011
Jan
;
168
(
1
):
73
81
.
[PubMed]
0002-953X
26.
Poreisz
C
,
Boros
K
,
Antal
A
,
Paulus
W
.
Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients
.
Brain Res Bull
.
2007
May
;
72
(
4-6
):
208
14
.
[PubMed]
0361-9230
27.
Homan
P
,
Kindler
J
,
Hauf
M
,
Hubl
D
,
Dierks
T
.
Cerebral blood flow identifies responders to transcranial magnetic stimulation in auditory verbal hallucinations
.
Transl Psychiatry
.
2012
Nov
;
2
(
11
):
e189
.
[PubMed]
2158-3188
28.
Slotema
CW
,
Blom
JD
,
van Lutterveld
R
,
Hoek
HW
,
Sommer
IE
.
Review of the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory verbal hallucinations
.
Biol Psychiatry
.
2014
Jul
;
76
(
2
):
101
10
.
[PubMed]
0006-3223
29.
Kubera
KM
,
Barth
A
,
Hirjak
D
,
Thomann
PA
,
Wolf
RC
.
Noninvasive brain stimulation for the treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: methods, effects and challenges
.
Front Syst Neurosci
.
2015
Oct
;
9
:
131
.
[PubMed]
1662-5137
30.
Moseley
P
,
Alderson-Day
B
,
Ellison
A
,
Jardri
R
,
Fernyhough
C
.
Non-invasive Brain Stimulation and Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: New Techniques and Future Directions
.
Front Neurosci
.
2016
Jan
;
9
:
515
.
[PubMed]
1662-4548
31.
He
H
,
Lu
J
,
Yang
L
,
Zheng
J
,
Gao
F
,
Zhai
Y
, et al.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating the symptoms of schizophrenia: A PRISMA compliant meta-analysis
.
Clin Neurophysiol
.
2017
May
;
128
(
5
):
716
24
.
[PubMed]
1388-2457
32.
Dougall
N
,
Maayan
N
,
Soares-Weiser
K
,
McDermott
LM
,
McIntosh
A
.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Schizophrenia
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2015
Nov
;
41
(
6
):
1220
2
.
[PubMed]
0586-7614
33.
Moher
D
,
Shamseer
L
,
Clarke
M
,
Ghersi
D
,
Liberati
A
,
Petticrew
M
, et al.;
PRISMA-P Group
.
Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement
.
Syst Rev
.
2015
Jan
;
4
(
1
):
1
.
[PubMed]
2046-4053
34.
Association
AP
.
DSM-IV® Sourcebook
.
American Psychiatric Pub
;
1994
.
35.
Siebner
HR
,
Rothwell
J
.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation: new insights into representational cortical plasticity
.
Exp Brain Res
.
2003
Jan
;
148
(
1
):
1
16
.
[PubMed]
0014-4819
36.
Hoffman
RE
,
Boutros
NN
,
Hu
S
,
Berman
RM
,
Krystal
JH
,
Charney
DS
.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
.
Lancet
.
2000
Mar
;
355
(
9209
):
1073
5
.
[PubMed]
0140-6736
37.
Hoffman
RE
,
Gueorguieva
R
,
Hawkins
KA
,
Varanko
M
,
Boutros
NN
,
Wu
YT
, et al.
Temporoparietal transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory hallucinations: safety, efficacy and moderators in a fifty patient sample
.
Biol Psychiatry
.
2005
Jul
;
58
(
2
):
97
104
.
[PubMed]
0006-3223
38.
Hoffman
RE
,
Hawkins
KA
,
Gueorguieva
R
,
Boutros
NN
,
Rachid
F
,
Carroll
K
, et al.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex and medication-resistant auditory hallucinations
.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
.
2003
Jan
;
60
(
1
):
49
56
.
[PubMed]
0003-990X
39.
Bagati
D
,
Nizamie
SH
,
Prakash
R
.
Effect of augmentatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: randomized controlled study
.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry
.
2009
Apr
;
43
(
4
):
386
92
.
[PubMed]
0004-8674
40.
Chibbaro
G
,
Daniele
M
,
Alagona
G
,
Di Pasquale
C
,
Cannavò
M
,
Rapisarda
V
, et al.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenic patients reporting auditory hallucinations
.
Neurosci Lett
.
2005
Jul
;
383
(
1-2
):
54
7
.
[PubMed]
0304-3940
41.
Fitzgerald
PB
,
Benitez
J
,
Daskalakis
JZ
,
Brown
TL
,
Marston
NA
,
de Castella
A
, et al.
A double-blind sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of refractory auditory hallucinations
.
J Clin Psychopharmacol
.
2005
Aug
;
25
(
4
):
358
62
.
[PubMed]
0271-0749
42.
McIntosh
AM
,
Semple
D
,
Tasker
K
,
Harrison
LK
,
Owens
DG
,
Johnstone
EC
, et al.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2004
Jun
;
127
(
1-2
):
9
17
.
[PubMed]
0165-1781
43.
Rosa
MO
,
Gattaz
WF
,
Rosa
MA
,
Rumi
DO
,
Tavares
H
,
Myczkowski
M
, et al.
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on auditory hallucinations refractory to clozapine
.
J Clin Psychiatry
.
2007
Oct
;
68
(
10
):
1528
32
.
[PubMed]
0160-6689
44.
Saba
G
,
Verdon
CM
,
Kalalou
K
,
Rocamora
JF
,
Dumortier
G
,
Benadhira
R
, et al.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of schizophrenic symptoms: a double blind sham controlled study
.
J Psychiatr Res
.
2006
Mar
;
40
(
2
):
147
52
.
[PubMed]
0022-3956
45.
Slotema
CW
,
Blom
JD
,
de Weijer
AD
,
Diederen
KM
,
Goekoop
R
,
Looijestijn
J
, et al.
Can low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation really relieve medication-resistant auditory verbal hallucinations? Negative results from a large randomized controlled trial
.
Biol Psychiatry
.
2011
Mar
;
69
(
5
):
450
6
.
[PubMed]
0006-3223
46.
Paillère-Martinot
ML
,
Galinowski
A
,
Plaze
M
,
Andoh
J
,
Bartrés-Faz
D
,
Bellivier
F
, et al.
Active and placebo transcranial magnetic stimulation effects on external and internal auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia
.
Acta Psychiatr Scand
.
2017
Mar
;
135
(
3
):
228
38
.
[PubMed]
0001-690X
47.
Lee
SH
,
Kim
W
,
Chung
YC
,
Jung
KH
,
Bahk
WM
,
Jun
TY
, et al.
A double blind study showing that two weeks of daily repetitive TMS over the left or right temporoparietal cortex reduces symptoms in patients with schizophrenia who are having treatment-refractory auditory hallucinations
.
Neurosci Lett
.
2005
Mar
;
376
(
3
):
177
81
.
[PubMed]
0304-3940
48.
Loo
CK
,
Sainsbury
K
,
Mitchell
P
,
Hadzi-Pavlovic
D
,
Sachdev
PS
.
A sham-controlled trial of left and right temporal rTMS for the treatment of auditory hallucinations
.
Psychol Med
.
2010
Apr
;
40
(
4
):
541
6
.
[PubMed]
0033-2917
49.
Jandl
M
,
Steyer
J
,
Weber
M
,
Linden
DE
,
Rothmeier
J
,
Maurer
K
, et al.
Treating auditory hallucinations by transcranial magnetic stimulation: a randomized controlled cross-over trial
.
Neuropsychobiology
.
2006
;
53
(
2
):
63
9
.
[PubMed]
0302-282X
50.
Hoffman
RE
,
Wu
K
,
Pittman
B
,
Cahill
JD
,
Hawkins
KA
,
Fernandez
T
, et al.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of Wernicke’s and Right homologous sites to curtail “voices”: a randomized trial
.
Biol Psychiatry
.
2013
May
;
73
(
10
):
1008
14
.
[PubMed]
0006-3223
51.
Vercammen
A
,
Knegtering
H
,
Bruggeman
R
,
Westenbroek
HM
,
Jenner
JA
,
Slooff
CJ
, et al.
Effects of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on treatment resistant auditory-verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial
.
Schizophr Res
.
2009
Oct
;
114
(
1-3
):
172
9
.
[PubMed]
0920-9964
52.
Bais
L
,
Liemburg
E
,
Vercammen
A
,
Bruggeman
R
,
Knegtering
H
,
Aleman
A
.
Effects of low frequency rTMS treatment on brain networks for inner speech in patients with schizophrenia and auditory verbal hallucinations
.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
.
2017
Aug
;
78
:
105
13
.
[PubMed]
0278-5846
53.
Bais
L
,
Vercammen
A
,
Stewart
R
,
van Es
F
,
Visser
B
,
Aleman
A
, et al.
Short and long term effects of left and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations: a randomized controlled trial
.
PLoS One
.
2014
Oct
;
9
(
10
):
e108828
.
[PubMed]
1932-6203
54.
Schönfeldt-Lecuona
C
,
Grön
G
,
Walter
H
,
Büchler
N
,
Wunderlich
A
,
Spitzer
M
, et al.
Stereotaxic rTMS for the treatment of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
.
Neuroreport
.
2004
Jul
;
15
(
10
):
1669
73
.
[PubMed]
0959-4965
55.
Holi
MM
,
Eronen
M
,
Toivonen
K
,
Toivonen
P
,
Marttunen
M
,
Naukkarinen
H
.
Left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenia
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2004
;
30
(
2
):
429
34
.
[PubMed]
0586-7614
56.
Blumberger
DM
,
Christensen
BK
,
Zipursky
RB
,
Moller
B
,
Chen
R
,
Fitzgerald
PB
, et al.
MRI-targeted repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of Heschl’s gyrus for refractory auditory hallucinations
.
Brain Stimul
.
2012
Oct
;
5
(
4
):
577
85
.
[PubMed]
1935-861X
57.
Vercammen
A
,
Knegtering
H
,
Liemburg
EJ
,
den Boer
JA
,
Aleman
A
.
Functional connectivity of the temporo-parietal region in schizophrenia: effects of rTMS treatment of auditory hallucinations
.
J Psychiatr Res
.
2010
Aug
;
44
(
11
):
725
31
.
[PubMed]
0022-3956
58.
Vercammen
A
,
Knegtering
H
,
den Boer
JA
,
Liemburg
EJ
,
Aleman
A
.
Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia are associated with reduced functional connectivity of the temporo-parietal area
.
Biol Psychiatry
.
2010
May
;
67
(
10
):
912
8
.
[PubMed]
0006-3223
59.
Hajak
G
,
Marienhagen
J
,
Langguth
B
,
Werner
S
,
Binder
H
,
Eichhammer
P
.
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenia: a combined treatment and neuroimaging study
.
Psychol Med
.
2004
Oct
;
34
(
7
):
1157
63
.
[PubMed]
0033-2917
60.
Cordes
J
,
Thünker
J
,
Agelink
MW
,
Arends
M
,
Mobascher
A
,
Wobrock
T
, et al.
Effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on clinical global impression in chronic schizophrenia
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2010
May
;
177
(
1-2
):
32
6
.
[PubMed]
0165-1781
61.
Wobrock
T
,
Guse
B
,
Cordes
J
,
Wölwer
W
,
Winterer
G
,
Gaebel
W
, et al.
Left prefrontal high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: a sham-controlled, randomized multicenter trial
.
Biol Psychiatry
.
2015
Jun
;
77
(
11
):
979
88
.
[PubMed]
0006-3223
62.
Senn
S
.
Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited
.
Stat Med
.
2006
Dec
;
25
(
24
):
4334
44
.
[PubMed]
0277-6715
63.
Kimura
H
,
Kanahara
N
,
Takase
M
,
Yoshida
T
,
Watanabe
H
,
Iyo
M
.
A randomized, sham-controlled study of high frequency rTMS for auditory hallucination in schizophrenia
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2016
Jul
;
241
:
190
4
.
[PubMed]
0165-1781
64.
Kindler
J
,
Homan
P
,
Flury
R
,
Strik
W
,
Dierks
T
,
Hubl
D
.
Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations: results of a randomized controlled study
.
Psychiatry Res
.
2013
Aug
;
209
(
1
):
114
7
.
[PubMed]
0165-1781
65.
Koops
S
,
van Dellen
E
,
Schutte
MJ
,
Nieuwdorp
W
,
Neggers
SF
,
Sommer
IE
.
Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: Negative Findings From a Double-Blind-Randomized Trial
.
Schizophr Bull
.
2016
Jan
;
42
(
1
):
250
7
.
[PubMed]
1745-1701
66.
Jin
Y
,
Kemp
AS
,
Huang
Y
,
Thai
TM
,
Liu
Z
,
Xu
W
, et al.
Alpha EEG guided TMS in schizophrenia
.
Brain Stimul
.
2012
Oct
;
5
(
4
):
560
8
.
[PubMed]
1935-861X
67.
Button
KS
,
Ioannidis
JP
,
Mokrysz
C
,
Nosek
BA
,
Flint
J
,
Robinson
ES
, et al.
Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience
.
Nat Rev Neurosci
.
2013
May
;
14
(
5
):
365
76
.
[PubMed]
1471-003X
68.
Pascual-Leone
A
,
Valls-Solé
J
,
Brasil-Neto
JP
,
Cohen
LG
,
Hallett
M
.
Seizure induction and transcranial magnetic stimulation
.
Lancet
.
1992
Apr
;
339
(
8799
):
997
.
[PubMed]
0140-6736
69.
Winkelbeiner
S
,
Leucht
S
,
Kane
JM
,
Homan
P
.
Evaluation of Differences in Individual Treatment Response in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-analysis
.
JAMA Psychiatry
.
2019
Jun
.
[PubMed]
2168-622X
70.
Senn
S
.
Applying results of randomised trials to patients. N of 1 trials are needed
.
BMJ
.
1998
Aug
;
317
(
7157
):
537
8
.
[PubMed]
0959-8138
71.
Homan
P
,
Argyelan
M
,
DeRosse
P
,
Szeszko
PR
,
Gallego
JA
,
Hanna
L
, et al.
Structural similarity networks predict clinical outcome in early-phase psychosis
.
Neuropsychopharmacology
.
2019
Apr
;
44
(
5
):
915
22
.
[PubMed]
0893-133X
72.
Kay
SR
,
Fiszbein
A
,
Opler
LA
.
The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia
.
Schizophr Bull
.
1987
;
13
(
2
):
261
76
.
[PubMed]
0586-7614
73.
Haddock
G
,
McCarron
J
,
Tarrier
N
,
Faragher
EB
.
Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: the psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS)
.
Psychol Med
.
1999
Jul
;
29
(
4
):
879
89
.
[PubMed]
0033-2917
74.
Andreasen
NC
,
Olsen
S
.
Negative v positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation
.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
.
1982
Jul
;
39
(
7
):
789
94
.
[PubMed]
0003-990X
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.