Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of polymorphic variants of the DRD2 and ANKK1 genes with suicide attempt in a Mexican population. Methods: We conducted a case-control study in 289 subjects (166 suicide attempters and 123 healthy controls). We genotyped 2 polymorphisms of DRD2 (rs6275 and rs1799978) and 1 polymorphism of ANKK1 (rs1800497); then we analyzed the association between suicide attempt and these polymorphisms through genotypes, alleles, and inheritance models. Results: Individuals who carried the TT genotype of the rs1800497 showed a 3-fold risk of attempting suicide (OR = 3.01; 95% CI 1.56–5.81, p = 0.001) when evaluated through the recessive model. In an analysis stratified by gender, this risk factor remained present among females (OR = 2.81; 95% CI 1.37–5.75) as well as males (OR = 3.3; 95% CI 1.01–10.77). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the rs1800497 variant of the ANKK1 gene could increase the risk of suicide attempt in a Mexican population. However, further studies using larger samples are necessary to obtain more conclusive results.

1.
World Health Organization: Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Geneva, WHO, 2014.
2.
Turecki G, Brent DA: Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Lancet 2016; 387: 1227–1239.
3.
Roy A, Rylander G, Sarchiapone M: Genetics of suicides: family studies and molecular genetics. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 836: 135–157.
4.
Voracek M, Loibl LM: Genetics of suicide: a systematic review of twin studies. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2007; 119: 463–475.
5.
Beaulieu JM, Espinoza S, Gainetdinov RR: Dopamine receptors – IUPHAR Review 13. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172: 1–23.
6.
Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR: The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63: 182–217.
7.
Engstrom G, Alling C, Blennow K, Regnell G, Traskman-Bendz L: Reduced cerebrospinal HVA concentrations and HVA/5-HIAA ratios in suicide attempters: monoamine metabolites in 120 suicide attempters and 47 controls. European Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 9: 399–405.
8.
Esposito-Smythers C, Spirito A, Rizzo C, McGeary JE, Knopik VS: Associations of the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism with impulsivity and substance use: preliminary results from a clinical sample of adolescents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93: 306–312.
9.
Munafo MR, Johnstone EC, Murphy MF, Aveyard P: Lack of association of DRD2 rs1800497 (Taq1A) polymorphism with smoking cessation in a nicotine replacement therapy randomized trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11: 404–407.
10.
van der Zwaluw CS, Engels RC, Vermulst AA, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Verkes RJ, Scholte RH: Interaction between dopamine D2 receptor genotype and parental rule-setting in adolescent alcohol use: evidence for a gene-parenting interaction. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15: 727–735.
11.
Parsons MJ, Mata I, Beperet M, Iribarren-Iriso F, Arroyo B, Sainz R, Arranz MJ, Kerwin R: A dopamine D2 receptor gene-related polymorphism is associated with schizophrenia in a Spanish population isolate. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17: 159–163.
12.
Suda A, Kawanishi C, Kishida I, Sato R, Yamada T, Nakagawa M, Hasegawa H, Kato D, Furuno T, Hirayasu Y: Dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with suicide attempt in the Japanese population. Neuropsychobiology 2009; 59: 130–134.
13.
Johann M, Putzhammer A, Eichhammer P, Wodarz N: Association of the –141C Del variant of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) with positive family history and suicidality in German alcoholics. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 132B: 46–49.
14.
SNPper-Gene: SNPper-Gene List. Gainesville, University of Florida, 2016.
15.
Wang N, Zhang JB, Zhao J, Cai XT, Zhu YS, Li SB: Association between dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms and the risk of heroin dependence. Genet Mol Res 2016, p 15.
16.
Meyers JL, Nyman E, Loukola A, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Dick DM: The association between DRD2/ANKK1 and genetically informed measures of alcohol use and problems. Addict Biol 2013; 18: 523–536.
17.
Nkam I, Ramoz N, Breton F, Mallet J, Gorwood P, Dubertret C: Impact of DRD2/ANKK1 and COMT polymorphisms on attention and oognitive functions in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170147.
18.
Monakhov MV, Golimbet VE, Chubabriia KV, Zykov VV, Kovtun AL, Karpov VL: The association study of the DRD2 gene C939T polymorphism and schizophrenia (in Russian). Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova 2007; 107: 58–60.
19.
Ikeda M, Yamanouchi Y, Kinoshita Y, Kitajima T, Yoshimura R, Hashimoto S, O’Donovan MC, Nakamura J, Ozaki N, Iwata N: Variants of dopamine and serotonin candidate genes as predictors of response to risperidone treatment in first-episode schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9: 1437–1443.
20.
Ponce G, Perez-Gonzalez R, Aragues M, Palomo T, Rodriguez-Jimenez R, Jimenez-Arriero MA, Hoenicka J: The ANKK1 kinase gene and psychiatric disorders. Neurotox Res 2009; 16: 50–59.
21.
Cervantes-Arriaga A, Rodríguez-Violante M, González-Latapí P, Davila Ortíz de Montellano D, Yescas P, Alonso-Vilatela E: Relationship between DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms and the development of motor complications in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Argent 2015; 7: 28–33.
22.
Jasiewicz A, Samochowiec A, Samochowiec J, Malecka I, Suchanecka A, Grzywacz A: Suicidal behavior and haplotypes of the dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and ANKK1 gene polymorphisms in patients with alcohol dependence – preliminary report. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111798.
23.
Gauthier JM, Hollingsworth DW, Bagge CL: Number and violence of suicide attempt methods: a preliminary investigation of the associations with fearlessness of suicide and fearlessness about death. Psychiatr Res 2018; 265: 183–189.
24.
Stenbacka M, Jokinen J: Violent and non-violent methods of attempted and completed suicide in Swedish young men: the role of early risk factors. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15: 196.
25.
World Health Organization: WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in Phlebotomy. Geneva, WHO, 2010.
26.
Tan SC, Yiap BC: DNA, RNA, and erotein Extraction: the past and the present. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009: 574398.
27.
Gaudermann WJ, Morrison JM, Morrison WGJ: QUANTO 1.1: a computer program for power and sample size calculations for genetic-epidemiology studies. 2006. http://hydra.usc.edu/gxe.
28.
Hirasawa-Fujita M, Bly MJ, Ellingrod VL, Dalack GW, Domino EF: Genetic variation of the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is related to smoking differences in patients with schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 2017; 11: 39–48.
29.
Gonzalez-Castro TB, Hernandez-Diaz Y, Juarez-Rojop IE, Lopez-Narvaez ML, Tovilla-Zarate CA, Genis-Mendoza A, Alpuin-Reyes M: The role of C957T, TaqI and Ser311Cys polymorphisms of the DRD2 gene in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Funct 2016; 12: 29.
30.
Lung FW, Liao SC, Wu CY, Lee MB: The effectiveness of suicide prevention programmes: urban and gender disparity in age-specific suicide rates in a Taiwanese population. Public Health 2017; 147: 136–143.
31.
Kim M, Oh GJ, Lee YH: Gender-Specific Factors Associated with Suicide Attempts among the Community-Dwelling General Population with Suicidal Ideation: the 2013 Korean Community Health Survey. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31: 2010–2019.
32.
Sun SH, Hu X, Zhang JY, Qiu HM, Liu X, Jia CX: The COMT rs4680 polymorphism and suicide attempt in rural Shandong, China. Psychiatr Genet 2016; 26: 166–171.
33.
Kodaka M, Matsumoto T, Yamauchi T, Takai M, Shirakawa N, Takeshima T: Female suicides: psychosocial and psychiatric characteristics identified by a psychological autopsy study in Japan. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 2017; 71: 271–279.
34.
Gaxiola-Robles R, Bitzer-Quintero OK, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Celis-de la Rosa A: Civil status and suicide (in Spanish). Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2009; 47: 383–386.
35.
Seo D, Patrick CJ, Kennealy PJ: Role of Serotonin and Dopamine System Interactions in the Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression and its Comorbidity with other Clinical Disorders. Aggress Violent Behav 2008; 13: 383–395.
36.
Chang HY, Chung Y, Keyes KM, Jung SJ, Kim SS: Associations between the timing of childhood adversity and adulthood suicidal behavior: a nationally-representative cohort. J Affect Disord 2015; 186: 198–202.
37.
Hernandez-Alvarado MM, Gonzalez-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zarate CA, Fresan A, Juarez-Rojop IE, Lopez-Narvaez ML, Villar-Soto M, Genis-Mendoza A: Increase in suicide rates by hanging in the population of Tabasco, Mexico between 2003 and 2012. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:E552.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.