... cytokines, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the T cell exhaustion marker, PD-1, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of TBI rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to analyze the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in the serum. Propranolol was administrated...

... sympathetic nerve fibers in this model. Results: The mortality rate and the liver-to-body weight ratio after cancer inoculation were significantly higher in the vagotomized mice than in the sham-operated mice. The vagotomized mice exhibited a transient decrease in hepatic norepinephrine levels following...

... in the hypothalamus, striatum and frontal cortex, and the sleep-wake cycle before and after acute restraint stress. Results and Conclusion: Offspring from LPS-treated dams had increased baseline norepinephrine levels and potentiated corticosterone secretion after the acute stressor, and no effect was observed...

... exhibited reduced splenic NA innervation and norepinephrine (NE) content, splenic interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels and NK cell activity as well as DLN IL-2 and IFN-γ levels compared to young female rats without tumors. In contrast, treatment with 2.5 mg/kg of deprenyl enhanced IL-2 and IFN-γ...

... autonomic nerves was found in the submaxillary lymph nodes, as shown by the increase of neuronal norepinephrine uptake and tyrosine hydroxylase activity (two markers of noradrenergic activity), and of neuronal choline uptake and choline acetyltransferase activity (two markers of cholinergic activity). (4...

... autonomic nerves was found in the submaxillary lymph nodes, as shown by the increase of neuronal norepinephrine uptake and tyrosine hydroxylase activity (two markers of noradrenergic activity), and of neuronal choline uptake and choline acetyltransferase activity (two markers of cholinergic activity). (4...

... the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sympathetic nervous system and the immune system. The stress response results in the release of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine), hormones (cortisol) and immune cells which serve to send an efferent message from the brain to the periphery. Major life events lead...

..., instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Antiorthostatic Suspension Stress Cytokines Nitric oxide Proliferation Epinephrine Norepinephrine Original Paper Neuroimmunomodulation 2005;12:173 181 DOI: 10.1159/000084850 Received: April 15, 2004 Accepted: September 16...

... µg·dl –1 at the end of surgery, and 24 and 48 h after surgery, respectively) were significantly higher than in elderly patients without postoperative confusion (32.9 ± 6.7, 30.4 ± 8.6 and 25.6 ± 6.5 µg·dl –1 , respectively). There were no significant differences in plasma norepinephrine concentrations...

...Dongsoo Kim; Richard F. Seegal; David A. Lawrence Corticosterone (CORT) and norepinephrine (NE), two effector molecules of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the sympathetic-lymphoid (SL) axes, respectively, differentially influence murine host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes (LM...

... of chronic IL-2 infusion. Methods: Behaviors reflecting anhedonia and/or anorexia, sickness behavior, plasma corticosterone and norepinephrine (NE) activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus were assessed following continuous infusion of IL-2 over 7 days in CD-1 mice. Results...

... a lumbar subarachnoid catheter over 6 h from 11 combat veterans with PTSD and 8 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Blood was withdrawn concurrently. We measured IL-6, CRH and norepinephrine concentrations in the CSF and IL-6, ACTH, cortisol and norepinephrine in plasma. Results: Mean and median CSF IL...

... were sacrificed at completion of the resuscitation period and tissue samples (lung and spleen) excised for determination of TNF-α content, myeloperoxidase activity and apoptosis. Results: Hemorrhage resulted in an immediate marked elevation in circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine levels (10...

...: A unilateral SCGx and a contralateral sham operation were performed. Twenty hours or 7 days later cells from submaxillary lymph nodes were incubated for 24 h without any additional treatment (experiment 1), after adding lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A (experiment 2) or after adding norepinephrine (NE, 10...

... response. Immune activation has long been known to be a potent stimulator of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis as well as brain catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism, involving increases in the brain concentrations of catabolites of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), as well...

...) did not influence plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticosterone levels, but increased the utilization of norepinephrine (NE) within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In contrast to the effects of acute IL-2 administration, when administered repeatedly (for 7 days), IL-2 increased...

... to laparotomy was markedly attenuated in rats injected with 6-hydroxydopamine into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which significantly depletes norepinephrine (NE) PVN content. Intracerebroventricular injection of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) also inhibited the pituitary-adrenal response...

...Adrian J. Dunn Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenocortical (HPA) axis, as well as brain norepinephrine (NE) and indoleamine metabolism. Because LPS administration is known to induce the synthesis and secretion of IL-1...

... min. Two hours after injection, cerebral tryptophan concentrations were also elevated in several brain regions, as well as the ratio of brain 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) to norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus. An intravenous (i.v.) injection of mTNF-α also increased cerebral...

... Modulation of Tissue Cytokine Response to Hemorrhage Patricia E. Molina Naji N. Abumrad Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, N.Y., and Department of Medicine, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y., USA Key Words Shock W Norepinephrine W Sympathectomy W Tumor necrosis...