... of NDs. Astrocytes are the most plentiful cells in the mammalian CNS (about 20–40% of the human brain) and have several central functions in the maintenance of the health and correct function of the CNS. Astrocytes have an essential role in the preservation of brain homeostasis, and it is not surprising...

..., instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Glial metabolism Astrocytes Aberrant glial cells Mitochondria Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a human neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor...

... of the BBB. Endothelial and pericytes cells in the cerebral microvasculature and neural cells, as astrocytes, neurons, and microglia, compose the NVU. The NVU can be disturbed by parasite metabolic products, such as heme and hemozoin, or cytokines that can promote activation of endothelial and glial cells...

...Ren-Wei Du; Wen-Guang Bu Emerging evidence indicates that A1 reactive astrocytes play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Thus, development of agents that could inhibit the formation of A1 reactive astrocytes could be used to treat PD. Simvastatin has been touted...

...Cai Song; Yih-Shyuan Wu; Zhi-You Yang; Allan V. Kalueff; Yin-Yin Tsao; Yilong Dong; Kuan-Pin Su Objective: Both excitotoxicity and neurotrophin deficiency may contribute to the etiology of depression and neurodegeneration. Astrocytes not only regulate glutamate metabolism and clearance, they also...

... analyses, respectively. Results: LPS reduced the locomotion and induced high corticosterone levels in treated pups. MS or LPS reduced microglial density and activated microglial cells in the hippocampal CA3 and hilus regions. Microglial activation was highest in MS-LPS pups. The astrocyte density...

...-pituitary-adrenal axis Glucocorticoids Astrocytes Neurogenesis associated with chronic hyperglycemia, hyperstimulation of the HPA axis, increased levels of circulating glucocorticoids in combination with brain inflammation and low production of new neurons, contribute to emphasize the impact...

...Shuxian Hu; Wen S. Sheng; Laura C. Ehrlich; Phillip K. Peterson; Chun C. Chao Glutamate uptake by astrocytes has been postulated to play a neuroprotective role during brain inflammation. Using primary human fetal astrocyte cultures, we investigated the influence of selected cytokines on glutamate...

... the induction of TNF-α by Tat in primary human fetal astrocytes, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages, and astrocytic and macrophage cell lines. TNF-α induction was NF-κB dependent and was eliminated by inhibiting protein kinase A, phospholipase C and protein tyrosine kinase activity...

... inflammatory response. The upregulated expression of several extracellular matrix proteins in astrocytes located surrounding a neuritic plaque in Alzheimer''s disease is a good example of such a response. A family of mediators which is cytokine-induced during an inflammatory response in the periphery...