... index <3%; grade 2, Ki-67 index 3–20%; grade 3 neuroendocrine tumor, well-differentiated morphology and Ki-67 index >20%; and grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), poorly differentiated morphology and Ki-67 index >20% [ 7, 8 ]. Disease evolution adds an additional dimension of complexity...

... eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Heritability Molecular genetics Evolution The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5 (DSM-5) describes three eating disorders (EDs): anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). EDs...

.... Leptin Leptin receptor Obesity Hypothalamus Pituitary Evolution Two mouse strains discovered at the Jackson Laboratory in 1950 and 1965 had identical phenotypes: morbid obesity, insulin resistance, infertility and lethargy [ 1 ]. The two strains were designated obese (ob/ob) and diabetic...

... role of CGRP, which was suggested in cephalopods and also present in teleosts, may have been lost during the evolution of the tetrapod lineage. Our data support the hypothesis that CGRP represents the ancestral molecule of the CT/CGRP family appeared in metazoa before the vertebrate emergence. 26...