SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Neuroendocrine System

2.

Hiller-Sturmhöfel

S

,

Bartke

A

.

The endocrine system: an overview

.

Alcohol Res Health

.

1998

;

22

(

3

).

3.

Reimers

TJ

.

The pituitary gland

. In:

Pineda

MH

,

Dooley

MP

, editors.

McDonald’s veterinary endocrinology and reproduction

. 5th ed.

Iowa State Press

;

2003

. p.

17

–

34

.

4.

Taub

DD

.

Neuroendocrine interactions in the immune system

.

Cell Immunol

.

2008

;

252

(

1–2

):

1

–

6

.

5.

La Merrill

MA

,

Vandenberg

LN

,

Smith

MT

,

Goodson

W

,

Browne

P

,

Patisaul

HB

, et al.

Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification

.

Nat Rev Endocrinol

.

2020

;

16

(

1

):

45

–

57

.

6.

Darbandi

M

,

Darbandi

S

,

Agarwal

A

,

Sengupta

P

,

Durairajanayagam

D

,

Henkel

R

, et al.

Reactive oxygen species and male reproductive hormones

.

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

.

2018

;

16

(

1

):

87

.

7.

Nekoua

MP

,

Debuysschere

C

,

Vergez

I

,

Morvan

C

,

Mbani

CJ

,

Sane

F

, et al.

Viruses and endocrine diseases

.

Microorganisms

.

2023

;

11

(

2

):

361

.

8.

Yang

JK

,

Lin

SS

,

Ji

XJ

,

Guo

LM

.

Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes

.

Acta Diabetol

.

2010

;

47

(

3

):

193

–

9

.

9.

Lombardi

AF

,

Afsahi

AM

,

Gupta

A

,

Gholamrezanezhad

A

.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), influenza, and COVID-19, beyond the lungs: a review article

.

Radiol Med

.

2021

;

126

(

4

):

561

–

9

.

10.

van der Werf

N

,

Kroese

FGM

,

Rozing

J

,

Hillebrands

JL

.

Viral infections as potential triggers of type 1 diabetes

.

Diabetes Metab Res Rev

.

2007

;

23

(

3

):

169

–

83

.

11.

Wu

H

,

Jiang

X

,

Gao

Y

,

Liu

W

,

Wang

F

,

Gong

M

, et al.

Mumps virus infection disrupts blood-testis barrier through the induction of TNF-α in Sertoli cells

.

FASEB J

.

2019

;

33

(

11

):

12528

–

40

.

12.

Carré

A

,

Vecchio

F

,

Flodström-Tullberg

M

,

You

S

,

Mallone

R

.

Coxsackievirus and type 1 diabetes: diabetogenic mechanisms and implications for prevention

.

Endocr Rev

.

2023

;

44

(

4

):

737

–

51

.

13.

Tripathy

SK

,

Agrawala

RK

,

Baliarsinha

A

.

Endocrine alterations in HIV-infected patients

.

Indian J Endocrinol Metab

.

2015

;

19

(

1

):

143

–

7

.

14.

Youssef

J

,

Sadera

R

,

Mital

D

,

Ahmed

MH

.

HIV and the pituitary gland: clinical and biochemical presentations

.

J Lab Physicians

.

2021

;

13

(

1

):

84

–

90

.

15.

Razzaq

F

,

Dunbar

EM

,

Bonington

A

.

The development of cytomegalovirus-induced adrenal failure in a patient with AIDS while receiving corticosteroid therapy

.

HIV Med

.

2002

;

3

(

3

):

212

–

4

.

16.

Trevisan

M

,

Matkovic

U

,

Cusinato

R

,

Toppo

S

,

Palù

G

,

Barzon

L

.

Human cytomegalovirus productively infects adrenocortical cells and induces an early cortisol response

.

J Cell Physiol

.

2009

;

221

(

3

):

629

–

41

.

17.

Gale

EAM

.

Congenital rubella: citation virus or viral cause of type 1 diabetes

.

Diabetologia

.

2008

;

51

(

9

):

1559

–

66

.

18.

Antonelli

A

,

Ferri

C

,

Ferrari

SM

,

Colaci

M

,

Sansonno

D

,

Fallahi

P

.

Endocrine manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection

.

Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab

.

2009

;

5

(

1

):

26

–

34

.

19.

Janegova

A

,

Janega

P

,

Rychly

B

,

Kuracinova

K

,

Babal

P

.

The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases

.

Endokrynol Pol

.

2015

;

66

(

2

):

132

–

6

.

20.

Dimos

G

,

Pappas

G

,

Akritidis

N

.

Subacute thyroiditis in the course of novel H1N1 influenza infection

.

Endocrine

.

2010

;

37

(

3

):

440

–

1

.

21.

Kino

T

,

Chrousos

GP

.

Virus-mediated modulation of the host endocrine signaling systems: clinical implications

.

Trends Endocrinol Metab

.

2007

;

18

(

4

):

159

–

66

.

22.

Brant

AC

,

Tian

W

,

Majerciak

V

,

Yang

W

,

Zheng

ZM

.

SARS-CoV-2: from its discovery to genome structure, transcription, and replication

.

Cell Biosci

.

2021

;

11

(

1

):

136

.

23.

Ohannessian

R

,

Duong

TA

,

Odone

A

.

Global telemedicine implementation and integration within health systems to fight the COVID-19 pandemic: a call to action

.

JMIR Public Health Surveill

.

2020

;

6

(

2

):

e18810

.

24.

Gusev

E

,

Sarapultsev

A

,

Solomatina

L

,

Chereshnev

V

.

Sars-Cov-2-Specific immune response and the pathogenesis of COVID-19

.

Int J Mol Sci

.

2022

;

23

(

3

):

1716

.

25.

Parasher

A

.

COVID-19: current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment

.

Postgrad Med J

.

2021

;

97

(

1147

):

312

–

20

.

26.

Hoffmann

M

,

Kleine-Weber

H

,

Schroeder

S

,

Krüger

N

,

Herrler

T

,

Erichsen

S

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor

.

Cell

.

2020

;

181

(

2

):

271

–

80.e8

.

27.

V’kovski

P

,

Kratzel

A

,

Steiner

S

,

Stalder

H

,

Thiel

V

.

Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2

.

Nat Rev Microbiol

.

2021

;

19

(

3

):

155

–

70

.

28.

Zeng

C

,

Evans

JP

,

King

T

,

Zheng

YM

,

Oltz

EM

,

Whelan

SPJ

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-to-cell transmission

.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

.

2022

;

119

(

1

):

e2111400119

.

29.

Chegni

H

,

Babaii

H

,

Hassan

ZM

,

Pourshaban

M

.

Immune response and cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2 infection: risk factors, ways of control and treatment

.

Eur J Inflamm

.

2022

;

20

.

30.

Hu

B

,

Guo

H

,

Zhou

P

,

Shi

ZL

.

Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

.

Nat Rev Microbiol

.

2021

;

19

(

3

):

141

–

54

.

31.

Yang

L

,

Xie

X

,

Tu

Z

,

Fu

J

,

Xu

D

,

Zhou

Y

.

The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19

.

Signal Transduct Target Ther

.

2021

;

6

(

1

):

255

.

32.

Paul

T

,

Ledderose

S

,

Bartsch

H

,

Sun

N

,

Soliman

S

,

Märkl

B

, et al.

Adrenal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and adrenal findings in a post-mortem case series of patients with severe fatal COVID-19

.

Nat Commun

.

2022

;

13

(

1

):

1589

.

33.

Song

Z

,

Bao

L

,

Yu

P

,

Qi

F

,

Gong

S

,

Wang

J

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 causes a systemically multiple organs damages and dissemination in hamsters

.

Front Microbiol

.

2020

;

11

:

618891

.

34.

Gu

WT

,

Zhou

F

,

Xie

WQ

,

Wang

S

,

Yao

H

,

Liu

YT

, et al.

A potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pituitary glands and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors

.

Endocrine

.

2021

;

72

(

2

):

340

–

8

.

35.

Reiterer

M

,

Rajan

M

,

Gómez-Banoy

N

,

Lau

JD

,

Gomez-Escobar

LG

,

Ma

L

, et al.

Hyperglycemia in acute COVID-19 is characterized by insulin resistance and adipose tissue infectivity by SARS-CoV-2

.

Cell Metab

.

2021

;

33

(

11

):

2174

–

88.e5

.

36.

Kleinridders

A

,

Cai

W

,

Cappellucci

L

,

Ghazarian

A

,

Collins

WR

,

Vienberg

SG

, et al.

Insulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders

.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

.

2015

;

112

(

11

):

3463

–

8

.

37.

Li

MY

,

Li

L

,

Zhang

Y

,

Wang

XS

.

Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues

.

Infect Dis Poverty

.

2020

;

9

(

1

):

45

.

38.

Lukiw

WJ

,

Pogue

A

,

Hill

JM

.

SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and neurological targets in the brain

.

Cell Mol Neurobiol

.

2022

;

42

(

1

):

217

–

24

.

39.

Song

E

,

Zhang

C

,

Israelow

B

,

Lu-Culligan

A

,

Prado

AV

,

Skriabine

S

, et al.

Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in human and mouse brain

.

J Exp Med

.

2021

;

218

(

3

):

e20202135

.

40.

Xu

J

,

Lazartigues

E

.

Expression of ACE2 in human neurons supports the neuro-invasive potential of COVID-19 virus

.

Cell Mol Neurobiol

.

2022

;

42

(

1

):

305

–

9

.

41.

Gupta

T

,

Kumar

M

,

Kaur

UJ

,

Rao

A

,

Bharti

R

.

Mapping ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expression in human brain tissue: implications for SARS-CoV-2 neurological manifestations

.

J Neurovirol

.

2024

;

30

(

3

):

316

–

26

.

42.

Li

YC

,

Bai

WZ

,

Hashikawa

T

.

The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients

.

J Med Virol

.

2020

;

92

(

6

):

552

–

5

.

43.

Mao

L

,

Jin

H

,

Wang

M

,

Hu

Y

,

Chen

S

,

He

Q

, et al.

Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China

.

JAMA Neurol

.

2020

;

77

(

6

):

683

–

90

.

44.

Caress

JB

,

Castoro

RJ

,

Simmons

Z

,

Scelsa

SN

,

Lewis

RA

,

Ahlawat

A

, et al.

COVID-19–associated Guillain-Barré syndrome: the early pandemic experience

.

Muscle Nerve

.

2020

;

62

(

4

):

485

–

91

.

45.

Moriguchi

T

,

Harii

N

,

Goto

J

,

Harada

D

,

Sugawara

H

,

Takamino

J

, et al.

A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2

.

Int J Infect Dis

.

2020

;

94

:

55

–

8

.

46.

Povlow

A

,

Auerbach

AJ

.

Acute cerebellar ataxia in COVID-19 infection: a case report

.

J Emerg Med

.

2021

;

60

(

1

):

73

–

6

.

47.

Varatharaj

A

,

Thomas

N

,

Ellul

MA

,

Davies

NWS

,

Pollak

TA

,

Tenorio

EL

, et al.

Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study

.

Lancet Psychiatr

.

2020

;

7

(

10

):

875

–

82

.

48.

Kacprzak

A

,

Malczewski

D

,

Domitrz

I

.

Headache attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection or covid-19 related headache: not migraine-like problem-original research

.

Brain Sci

.

2021

;

11

(

11

):

1406

.

49.

Lechien

JR

,

Chiesa-Estomba

CM

,

De Siati

DR

,

Horoi

M

,

Le Bon

SD

,

Rodriguez

A

, et al.

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study

.

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

.

2020

;

277

(

8

):

2251

–

61

.

50.

Waliszewska-Prosół

M

,

Budrewicz

S

.

The unusual course of a migraine attack during COVID-19 infection: case studies of three patients

.

J Infect Public Health

.

2021

;

14

(

7

):

903

–

5

.

51.

Straburzyński

M

,

Kuca-Warnawin

E

,

Waliszewska-Prosół

M

.

COVID-19-related headache and innate immune response: a narrative review

.

Neurol Neurochir Pol

.

2023

;

57

(

1

):

43

–

52

.

52.

Paniz-Mondolfi

A

,

Bryce

C

,

Grimes

Z

,

Gordon

RE

,

Reidy

J

,

Lednicky

J

, et al.

Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)

.

J Med Virol

.

2020

;

92

(

7

):

699

–

702

.

53.

Zhou

L

,

Zhang

M

,

Wang

J

,

Gao

J

.

Sars-Cov-2: underestimated damage to nervous system

.

Travel Med Infect Dis

.

2020

;

36

:

101642

.

54.

Pellegrini

L

,

Albecka

A

,

Mallery

DL

,

Kellner

MJ

,

Paul

D

,

Carter

AP

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infects the brain choroid plexus and disrupts the blood-CSF barrier in human brain organoids

.

Cell Stem Cell

.

2020

;

27

(

6

):

951

–

61.e5

.

55.

Wu

M-L

,

Xie

C

,

Li

X

,

Sun

J

,

Zhao

J

,

Wang

J-H

.

Mast cell activation triggered by SARS-CoV-2 causes inflammation in brain microvascular endothelial cells and microglia

.

Front Cell Infect Microbiol

.

2024

;

14

:

1358873

.

56.

Carver

JJ

,

Lau

KM

,

Puckett

AE

,

Didonna

A

.

Autoimmune demyelination alters hypothalamic transcriptome and endocrine function

.

J Neuroinflammation

.

2024

;

21

(

1

):

12

.

57.

Gizzi

G

,

Mazzeschi

C

,

Delvecchio

E

,

Beccari

T

,

Albi

E

.

Possible stress–neuroendocrine system–psychological symptoms relationship in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic

.

Int J Environ Res Public Health

.

2022

;

19

(

18

):

11497

.

58.

Rebello

CJ

,

Axelrod

CL

,

Reynolds

CF

,

Greenway

FL

,

Kirwan

JP

.

Exercise as a moderator of persistent neuroendocrine symptoms of COVID-19

.

Exerc Sport Sci Rev

.

2022

;

50

(

2

):

65

–

72

.

59.

Mussa

BM

,

Srivastava

A

,

Verberne

AJM

.

Covid-19 and neurological impairment: hypothalamic circuits and beyond

.

Viruses

.

2021

;

13

(

3

):

498

.

60.

Tsukahara

T

,

Brann

DH

,

Datta

SR

.

Mechanisms of SARS CoV-2 associated anosmia

.

Physiol Rev

.

2023

;

103

(

4

):

2759

–

66

.

61.

Ye

Q

,

Zhou

J

,

He

Q

,

Li

RT

,

Yang

G

,

Zhang

Y

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infection in the mouse olfactory system

.

Cell Discov

.

2021

;

7

(

1

):

49

.

62.

Meinhardt

J

,

Radke

J

,

Dittmayer

C

,

Franz

J

,

Thomas

C

,

Mothes

R

, et al.

Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19

.

Nat Neurosci

.

2021

;

24

(

2

):

168

–

75

.

63.

Jiao

L

,

Yang

Y

,

Yu

W

,

Zhao

Y

,

Long

H

,

Gao

J

, et al.

The olfactory route is a potential way for SARS-CoV-2 to invade the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys

.

Signal Transduct Target Ther

.

2021

;

6

(

1

):

169

.

64.

Klingenstein

M

,

Klingenstein

S

,

Neckel

PH

,

Mack

AF

,

Wagner

AP

,

Kleger

A

, et al.

Evidence of SARS-CoV2 entry protein ACE2 in the human nose and olfactory bulb

.

Cells Tissues Organs

.

2020

;

209

(

4–6

):

155

–

64

.

65.

Bagasra

O

,

Pandey

P

,

Sanamandra

JR

,

Houston

JM

,

McLean

E

,

Albrecht

H

.

Infectivity of human olfactory neurons to sars-cov-2: a link to anosmia

.

Oman Med J

.

2021

;

36

(

5

):

e307

.

66.

Elkazzaz

M

,

Ahmed

A

,

Abo-Amer

YEE

,

Hydara

T

,

Haikal

A

,

Razek

DNAE

, et al.

In silico discovery of GPCRs and GnRHRs as novel binding receptors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein could explain neuroendocrine disorders in COVID-19

.

Vaccines

.

2022

;

10

(

9

):

1500

.

67.

Hornick

MG

,

Olson

ME

,

Jadhav

AL

.

SARS-CoV-2 psychiatric sequelae: a review of neuroendocrine mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

.

Int J Neuropsychopharmacol

.

2022

;

25

(

1

):

1

–

12

.

68.

Ha

S

,

Jin

B

,

Clemmensen

B

,

Park

P

,

Mahboob

S

,

Gladwill

V

, et al.

Serotonin is elevated in COVID-19-associated diarrhoea

.

Gut

.

2021

;

70

(

10

):

2015

–

7

.

69.

Santos

AP

,

Couto

CF

,

Pereira

SS

,

Monteiro

MP

.

Is serotonin the missing link between COVID-19 course of severity in patients with diabetes and obesity

.

Neuroendocrinology

.

2022

;

112

(

11

):

1039

–

45

.

70.

Al-Kuraishy

HM

,

Al-Gareeb

AI

,

Butnariu

M

,

Batiha

GES

.

The crucial role of prolactin-lactogenic hormone in Covid-19

.

Mol Cell Biochem

.

2022

;

477

(

5

):

1381

–

92

.

71.

Chigr

F

,

Merzouki

M

,

Najimi

M

.

Autonomic brain centers and pathophysiology of COVID-19

.

ACS Chem Neurosci

.

2020

;

11

(

11

):

1520

–

2

.

72.

Stein

SR

,

Ramelli

SC

,

Grazioli

A

,

Chung

JY

,

Singh

M

,

Yinda

CK

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy

.

Nature

.

2022

;

612

(

7941

):

758

–

63

.

73.

Price

JL

,

Slotnick

BM

,

Revial

M-F

.

Olfactory projections to the hypothalamus

.

J Comp Neurol

.

1991

;

306

(

3

):

447

–

61

.

74.

Doobay

MF

,

Talman

LS

,

Obr

TD

,

Tian

X

,

Davisson

RL

,

Lazartigues

E

.

Differential expression of neuronal ACE2 in transgenic mice with overexpression of the brain renin-angiotensin system

.

Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol

.

2007

;

292

(

1

):

R373

–

81

.

75.

Wei

HH

,

Yuan

XS

,

Chen

ZK

,

Chen

PP

,

Xiang

Z

,

Qu

WM

, et al.

Presynaptic inputs to vasopressin neurons in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in mice

.

Exp Neurol

.

2021

;

343

:

113784

.

76.

Hammad

R

,

Elshafei

A

,

Khidr

EG

,

El-Husseiny

AA

,

Gomaa

MH

,

Kotb

HG

, et al.

Copeptin: a neuroendocrine biomarker of COVID-19 severity

.

Biomark Med

.

2022

;

16

(

8

):

589

–

97

.

77.

Tzoulis

P

,

Waung

JA

,

Bagkeris

E

,

Hussein

Z

,

Biddanda

A

,

Cousins

J

, et al.

Dysnatremia is a predictor for morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab

.

2021

;

106

(

6

):

1637

–

48

.

78.

Ruiz-Sánchez

JG

,

Núñez-Gil

IJ

,

Cuesta

M

,

Rubio

MA

,

Maroun-Eid

C

,

Arroyo-Espliguero

R

, et al.

Prognostic impact of hyponatremia and hypernatremia in COVID-19 pneumonia. A HOPE-COVID-19 (health outcome predictive evaluation for COVID-19) registry analysis

.

Front Endocrinol

.

2020

;

11

:

599255

.

79.

Gregoriano

C

,

Molitor

A

,

Haag

E

,

Kutz

A

,

Koch

D

,

Haubitz

S

, et al.

Activation of vasopressin system during COVID-19 is associated with adverse clinical outcomes: an observational study

.

J Endocr Soc

.

2021

;

5

(

6

):

bvab045

.

80.

Habib

MB

,

Sardar

S

,

Sajid

J

.

Acute symptomatic hyponatremia in setting of SIADH as an isolated presentation of COVID-19

.

IDCases

.

2020

;

21

:

e00859

.

81.

de Melo

IS

,

Sabino-Silva

R

,

Cunha

TM

,

Goulart

LR

,

Reis

WL

,

Jardim

ACG

, et al.

Hydroelectrolytic disorder in COVID-19 patients: evidence supporting the involvement of subfornical organ and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

.

Neurosci Biobehav Rev

.

2021

;

124

:

216

–

23

.

82.

Poma

AM

,

Proietti

A

,

Macerola

E

,

Bonuccelli

D

,

Conti

M

,

Salvetti

A

, et al.

Suppression of pituitary hormone genes in subjects who died from COVID-19 independently of virus detection in the gland

.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab

.

2022

;

107

(

8

):

2243

–

53

.

83.

Han

T

,

Kang

J

,

Li

G

,

Ge

J

,

Gu

J

.

Analysis of 2019-nCoV receptor ACE2 expression in different tissues and its significance study

.

Ann Transl Med

.

2020

;

8

(

17

):

1077

.

84.

Piticchio

T

,

Le Moli

R

,

Tumino

D

,

Frasca

F

.

Relationship between betacoronaviruses and the endocrine system: a new key to understand the COVID-19 pandemic – a comprehensive review

.

J Endocrinol Invest

.

2021

;

44

(

8

):

1553

–

70

.

85.

Bellastella

G

,

Cirillo

P

,

Carbone

C

,

Scappaticcio

L

,

Maio

A

,

Botta

G

, et al.

Neuroimmunoendocrinology of SARS-CoV-2 infection

.

Biomedicines

.

2022

;

10

(

11

):

2855

.

86.

Philippens

IHCHM

,

Böszörményi

KP

,

Wubben

JA

,

Fagrouch

ZC

,

van Driel

N

,

Mayenburg

AQ

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 causes brain inflammation and induces Lewy body formation in macaques

.

bioRxiv

.

2021

.

87.

Murvelashvili

N

,

Tessnow

A

.

A case of hypophysitis following immunization with the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

.

J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep

.

2021

;

9

:

23247096211043386

.

88.

Joshi

M

,

Gunawardena

S

,

Goenka

A

,

Ey

E

,

Kumar

G

.

Post COVID-19 lymphocytic hypophysitis: a rare presentation

.

Child Neurol Open

.

2022

;

9

:

2329048X221103051

.

89.

Menotti

S

,

Giampietro

A

,

Raia

S

,

Veleno

M

,

Angelini

F

,

Tartaglione

T

, et al.

Unveiling the etiopathogenic spectrum of hypophysitis: a narrative review

.

J Pers Med

.

2023

;

13

(

8

):

1210

.

90.

Hazzi

C

,

Villemure-Poliquin

N

,

Nadeau

S

,

Champagne

PO

.

SARS-CoV-2 infection, a risk factor for pituitary apoplexy? A case series and literature review

.

Ear Nose Throat J

.

2024

;

103

(

1_Suppl l

):

153S

–

161S

.

91.

Briet

C

,

Salenave

S

,

Bonneville

JF

,

Laws

ER

,

Chanson

P

.

Pituitary apoplexy

.

Endocr Rev

.

2015

;

36

(

6

):

622

–

45

.

92.

Bordes

SJ

,

Phang-Lyn

S

,

Najera

E

,

Borghei-Razavi

H

,

Adada

B

.

Pituitary apoplexy attributed to COVID-19 infection in the absence of an underlying macroadenoma or other identifiable cause

.

Cureus

.

2021

;

13

(

2

):

e13315

.

93.

Martinez-Perez

R

,

Kortz

MW

,

Carroll

BW

,

Duran

D

,

Neill

JS

,

Luzardo

GD

, et al.

Coronavirus disease 2019 and pituitary apoplexy: a single-center case series and review of the literature

.

World Neurosurg

.

2021

;

152

:

e678

–

87

.

94.

Solorio-Pineda

S

,

Almendárez-Sánchez

CA

,

Tafur-Grandett

AA

,

Ramos-Martínez

GA

,

Huato-Reyes

R

,

Ruiz-Flores

MI

, et al.

Pituitary macroadenoma apoplexy in a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-positive testing: causal or casual

.

Surg Neurol Int

.

2020

;

11

:

304

.

95.

Buzhdygan

TP

,

DeOre

BJ

,

Baldwin-Leclair

A

,

Bullock

TA

,

McGary

HM

,

Khan

JA

, et al.

The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alters barrier function in 2D static and 3D microfluidic in-vitro models of the human blood–brain barrier

.

Neurobiol Dis

.

2020

;

146

:

105131

.

96.

Claustrat

B

,

Brun

J

,

Chazot

G

.

The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin

.

Sleep Med Rev

.

2005

;

9

(

1

):

11

–

24

.

97.

Anderson

G

,

Carbone

A

,

Mazzoccoli

G

.

Tryptophan metabolites and aryl hydrocarbon receptor in severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathophysiology

.

Int J Mol Sci

.

2021

;

22

(

4

):

1597

.

98.

Spalgais

S

,

Ojha

UC

,

Choudhari

OK

,

Rani

A

.

Lymphocytes and melatonin interaction in COVID-19 and serotonin sepsis

.

Indian J Med Biochem

.

2021

;

24

(

2

):

81

–

2

.

99.

Pandi-Perumal

SR

,

Cardinali

DP

,

Reiter

RJ

,

Brown

GM

.

Low melatonin as a contributor to SARS-CoV-2 disease

.

Melatonin Res

.

2020

;

3

(

4

):

558

–

76

.

100.

Molina-Carballo

A

,

Palacios-López

R

,

Jerez-Calero

A

,

Augustín-Morales

MC

,

Agil

A

,

Muñoz-Hoyos

A

, et al.

Protective effect of melatonin administration against SARS-COV-2 infection: a systematic review

.

Curr Issues Mol Biol

.

2021

;

44

(

1

):

31

–

45

.

101.

Cecon

E

,

Izabelle

C

,

Poder

SL

,

Real

F

,

Zhu

A

,

Tu

L

, et al.

Therapeutic potential of melatonin and melatonergic drugs on K18-hACE2 mice infected with SARS-CoV-2

.

J Pineal Res

.

2022

;

72

(

1

):

e12772

.

102.

Martin Gimenez

VM

,

Prado

N

,

Diez

E

,

Manucha

W

,

Reiter

RJ

.

New proposal involving nanoformulated melatonin targeted to the mitochondria as a potential COVID-19 treatment

.

Nanomedicine

.

2020

;

15

(

29

):

2819

–

21

.

103.

Cardinali

DP

,

Brown

GM

,

Pandi-Perumal

SR

.

Can melatonin be a potential “silver bullet” in treating COVID-19 patients

.

Diseases

.

2020

;

8

(

4

):

44

.

104.

Dinicolantonio

JJ

,

McCarty

M

,

Barroso-Aranda

J

.

Melatonin may decrease risk for and aid treatment of COVID-19 and other RNA viral infections

.

Open Heart

.

2021

;

8

(

1

):

e001568

.

105.

Vlachou

M

,

Siamidi

A

,

Dedeloudi

A

,

Konstantinidou

SK

,

Papanastasiou

IP

.

Pineal hormone melatonin as an adjuvant treatment for COVID-19 (Review)

.

Int J Mol Med

.

2021

;

47

(

4

):

47

.

106.

Zheng

J

,

Cui

Z

,

Shi

N

,

Tian

S

,

Chen

T

,

Zhong

X

, et al.

Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is associated with the severity of prognosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

.

BMC Endocr Disord

.

2021

;

21

(

1

):

228

.

107.

Rossetti

CL

,

Cazarin

J

,

Hecht

F

,

Beltrão

FEL

,

Ferreira

ACF

,

Fortunato

RS

, et al.

COVID-19 and thyroid function: what do we know so far

.

Front Endocrinol

.

2022

;

13

:

1041676

.

108.

Chen

M

,

Zhou

W

,

Xu

W

.

Thyroid function analysis in 50 patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study

.

Thyroid

.

2021

;

31

(

1

):

8

–

11

.

109.

Muller

I

,

Cannavaro

D

,

Dazzi

D

,

Covelli

D

,

Mantovani

G

,

Muscatello

A

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis

.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol

.

2020

;

8

(

9

):

739

–

41

.

110.

Khoo

B

,

Tan

T

,

Clarke

SA

,

Mills

EG

,

Patel

B

,

Modi

M

, et al.

Thyroid function before, during, and after COVID-19

.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab

.

2021

;

106

(

2

):

e803

–

11

.

111.

Çabuk

SA

,

Cevher

AZ

,

Küçükardalı

Y

.

Thyroid function during and after COVID-19 infection: a review

.

US Endocrinol

.

2022

;

18

(

1

):

58

–

62

.

112.

Murugan

AK

,

Alzahrani

AS

.

SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in inducing hyperthyroidism of Graves’ disease

.

Endocrine

.

2021

;

73

(

2

):

243

–

54

.

113.

Harris

A

,

Al Mushref

M

.

Graves’ thyrotoxicosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection

.

AACE Clin Case Rep

.

2021

;

7

(

1

):

14

–

6

.

114.

Mateu-Salat

M

,

Urgell

E

,

Chico

A

.

SARS-COV-2 as a trigger for autoimmune disease: report of two cases of Graves’ disease after COVID-19

.

J Endocrinol Invest

.

2020

;

43

(

10

):

1527

–

8

.

115.

Jiménez-Blanco

S

,

Pla-Peris

B

,

Marazuela

M

.

COVID-19: a cause of recurrent Graves’ hyperthyroidism

.

J Endocrinol Invest

.

2021

;

44

(

2

):

387

–

8

.

116.

Aemaz Ur Rehman

M

,

Farooq

H

,

Ali

MM

,

Ebaad Ur Rehman

M

,

Dar

QA

,

Hussain

A

.

The association of subacute thyroiditis with COVID-19: a systematic review

.

SN Compr Clin Med

.

2021

;

3

(

7

):

1515

–

27

.

117.

Naguib

R

.

Potential relationships between COVID-19 and the thyroid gland: an update

.

J Int Med Res

.

2022

;

50

(

2

):

3000605221082898

.

118.

Rotondi

M

,

Coperchini

F

,

Ricci

G

,

Denegri

M

,

Croce

L

,

Ngnitejeu

ST

, et al.

Detection of SARS-COV-2 receptor ACE-2 mRNA in thyroid cells: a clue for COVID-19-related subacute thyroiditis

.

J Endocrinol Invest

.

2021

;

44

(

5

):

1085

–

90

.

119.

Boaventura

P

,

Macedo

S

,

Ribeiro

F

,

Jaconiano

S

,

Soares

P

.

Post-COVID-19 condition: where are we now

.

Life

.

2022

;

12

(

4

):

517

.

120.

Brancatella

A

,

Ricci

D

,

Viola

N

,

Sgrò

D

,

Santini

F

,

Latrofa

F

.

Subacute thyroiditis after SARS-COV-2 infection

.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab

.

2020

;

105

(

7

):

dgaa276

.

121.

Lania

A

,

Sandri

MT

,

Cellini

M

,

Mirani

M

,

Lavezzi

E

,

Mazziotti

G

.

Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: the THYRCOV study

.

Eur J Endocrinol

.

2020

;

183

(

4

):

381

–

7

.

122.

Lee

KA

,

Kim

YJ

,

Jin

HY

.

Thyrotoxicosis after COVID-19 vaccination: seven case reports and a literature review

.

Endocrine

.

2021

;

74

(

3

):

470

–

2

.

123.

Siolos

A

,

Gartzonika

K

,

Tigas

S

.

Thyroiditis following vaccination against COVID-19: report of two cases and review of the literature

.

Metabol Open

.

2021

;

12

:

100136

.

124.

Vera-Lastra

O

,

Ordinola Navarro

A

,

Cruz Domiguez

MP

,

Medina

G

,

Sánchez Valadez

TI

,

Jara

LJ

.

Two cases of graves’ disease following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: an autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants

.

Thyroid

.

2021

;

31

(

9

):

1436

–

9

.

125.

Palestro

CJ

,

Tomas

MB

,

Tronco

GG

.

Radionuclide imaging of the parathyroid glands

.

Semin Nucl Med

.

2005

;

35

(

4

):

266

–

76

.

126.

Ding

Y

,

He

L

,

Zhang

Q

,

Huang

Z

,

Che

X

,

Hou

J

, et al.

Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways

.

J Pathol

.

2004

;

203

(

2

):

622

–

30

.

127.

Elkattawy

S

,

Alyacoub

R

,

Ayad

S

,

Pandya

M

,

Eckman

A

.

A novel case of hypoparathyroidism secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection

.

Cureus

.

2020

;

12

(

8

):

e10097

.

128.

Markov

A

,

Krutilova

P

,

Salam

M

.

ODP100 hypoparathyroidism in the setting of COVID-19: increasingly common phenomenon

.

J Endocr Soc

.

2022

;

6

(

Suppl_1

):

A167

.

129.

Georgakopoulou

V

,

Avramopoulos

P

,

Papalexis

P

,

Bitsani

A

,

Damaskos

C

,

Garmpi

A

, et al.

COVID-19 induced hypoparathyroidism: a case report

.

Exp Ther Med

.

2022

;

23

(

5

):

346

.

130.

Hashim

M

,

Athar

S

,

Gaba

WH

.

New onset adrenal insufficiency in a patient with COVID-19

.

BMJ Case Rep

.

2021

;

14

(

1

):

e237690

.

131.

Kanczkowski

W

,

Beuschlein

F

,

Bornstein

SR

.

Is there a role for the adrenal glands in long COVID

.

Nat Rev Endocrinol

.

2022

;

18

(

8

):

451

–

2

.

132.

Pal

R

,

Banerjee

M

.

COVID-19 and the endocrine system: exploring the unexplored

.

J Endocrinol Invest

.

2020

;

43

(

7

):

1027

–

31

.

133.

Zinserling

VA

,

Semenova

NY

,

Markov

AG

,

Rybalchenko

OV

,

Wang

J

,

Rodionov

RN

, et al.

Inflammatory cell infiltration of adrenals in COVID-19

.

Horm Metab Res

.

2020

;

52

(

9

):

639

–

41

.

134.

Sia

SF

,

Yan

LM

,

Chin

AWH

,

Fung

K

,

Choy

KT

,

Wong

AYL

, et al.

Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters

.

Nature

.

2020

;

583

(

7818

):

834

–

8

.

135.

Francis

ME

,

Goncin

U

,

Kroeker

A

,

Swan

C

,

Ralph

R

,

Lu

Y

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Syrian hamster model causes inflammation as well as type I interferon dysregulation in both respiratory and non-respiratory tissues including the heart and kidney

.

PLoS Pathog

.

2021

;

17

(

7

):

e1009705

.

136.

Siejka

A

,

Barabutis

N

.

Adrenal insufficiency in the COVID-19 era

.

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab

.

2021

;

320

(

4

):

E784

–

5

.

137.

Chabre

O

,

Goichot

B

,

Zenaty

D

,

Bertherat

J

.

Group 1. Epidemiology of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency: prevalence and incidence, acute adrenal insufficiency, long-term morbidity and mortality

.

Ann Endocrinol

.

2017

;

78

(

6

):

490

–

4

.

138.

Garg

MK

,

Gopalakrishnan

M

,

Yadav

P

,

Misra

S

.

Endocrine involvement in COVID-19: mechanisms, clinical features, and implications for care

.

Indian J Endocrinol Metab

.

2020

;

24

(

5

):

381

–

6

.

139.

Jensterle

M

,

Herman

R

,

Janež

A

,

Mahmeed

WA

,

Al-Rasadi

K

,

Al-Alawi

K

, et al.

The relationship between COVID-19 and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal Axis: a large spectrum from glucocorticoid insufficiency to excess – the CAPISCO International Expert Panel

.

Int J Mol Sci

.

2022

;

23

(

13

):

7326

.

140.

Mao

Y

,

Xu

B

,

Guan

W

,

Xu

D

,

Li

F

,

Ren

R

, et al.

The adrenal cortex, an underestimated site of SARS-CoV-2 infection

.

Front Endocrinol

.

2020

;

11

:

593179

.

141.

Gonen

MS

,

De Bellis

A

,

Durcan

E

,

Bellastella

G

,

Cirillo

P

,

Scappaticcio

L

, et al.

Assessment of neuroendocrine changes and hypothalamo-pituitary autoimmunity in patients with COVID-19

.

Horm Metab Res

.

2022

;

54

(

3

):

153

–

61

.

142.

Clarke

SA

,

Phylactou

M

,

Patel

B

,

Mills

EG

,

Muzi

B

,

Izzi-Engbeaya

C

, et al.

Normal adrenal and thyroid function in patients who survive COVID-19 infection

.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab

.

2021

;

106

(

8

):

2208

–

20

.

143.

Akter

F

,

Ahmad

R

,

Haque

M

.

Endocrine flawed in covid-19 era

.

Bangladesh J Med Sci

.

2021

;

20

(

5

):

49

–

64

.

144.

Ferraù

F

,

Ceccato

F

,

Cannavò

S

,

Scaroni

C

.

What we have to know about corticosteroids use during SARS-COV-2 infection

.

J Endocrinol Invest

.

2021

;

44

(

4

):

693

–

701

.

145.

Graf

A

,

Armeni

E

,

Dickinson

L

,

Stubbs

M

,

Craven

B

,

Srirangalingam

U

, et al.

Adrenal haemorrhage and infarction in the setting of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after SARS-CoV-2 (Oxford–AstraZeneca) vaccination

.

Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep

.

2022

;

2022

(

1

).

146.

Boddu

SK

,

Aurangabadkar

G

,

Kuchay

MS

.

New onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes and COVID-19

.

Diabetes Metab Syndr

.

2020

;

14

(

6

):

2211

–

7

.

147.

Liu

F

,

Long

X

,

Zhang

B

,

Zhang

W

,

Chen

X

,

Zhang

Z

.

ACE2 expression in pancreas may cause pancreatic damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection

.

Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol

.

2020

;

18

(

9

):

2128

–

30.e2

.

148.

Lazartigues

E

,

Qadir

MMF

,

Mauvais-Jarvis

F

.

Endocrine significance of SARS-CoV-2’s reliance on ACE2

.

Endocrinol

.

2020

;

161

(

9

):

bqaa108

.

149.

Shaharuddin

SH

,

Wang

V

,

Santos

RS

,

Gross

A

,

Wang

Y

,

Jawanda

H

, et al.

Deleterious effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human pancreatic cells

.

Front Cell Infect Microbiol

.

2021

;

11

:

678482

.

150.

Yang

L

,

Han

Y

,

Nilsson-Payant

BE

,

Gupta

V

,

Wang

P

,

Duan

X

, et al.

A human pluripotent stem cell-based platform to study SARS-CoV-2 tropism and model virus infection in human cells and organoids

.

Cell Stem Cell

.

2020

;

27

(

1

):

125

–

36.e7

.

151.

Kusmartseva

I

,

Wu

W

,

Syed

F

,

Van Der Heide

V

,

Jorgensen

M

,

Joseph

P

, et al.

Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in the pancreas of normal organ donors and individuals with COVID-19

.

Cell Metab

.

2020

;

32

(

6

):

1041

–

51.e6

.

152.

Steenblock

C

,

Richter

S

,

Berger

I

,

Barovic

M

,

Schmid

J

,

Schubert

U

, et al.

Viral infiltration of pancreatic islets in patients with COVID-19

.

Nat Commun

.

2021

;

12

(

1

):

3534

.

153.

Müller

JA

,

Groß

R

,

Conzelmann

C

,

Krüger

J

,

Merle

U

,

Steinhart

J

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas

.

Nat Metab

.

2021

;

3

(

2

):

149

–

65

.

154.

Wu

CT

,

Lidsky

PV

,

Xiao

Y

,

Lee

IT

,

Cheng

R

,

Nakayama

T

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell impairment

.

Cell Metab

.

2021

;

33

(

8

):

1565

–

76.e5

.

155.

Tang

X

,

Uhl

S

,

Zhang

T

,

Xue

D

,

Li

B

,

Vandana

JJ

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces beta cell transdifferentiation

.

Cell Metab

.

2021

;

33

(

8

):

1577

–

91.e7

.

156.

Millette

K

,

Cuala

J

,

Wang

P

,

Marks

C

,

Woo

V

,

Hayun

M

, et al.

SARS-CoV2 infects pancreatic beta cells in vivo and induces cellular and subcellular disruptions that reflect beta cell dysfunction

.

Res Sq

.

2021

.

157.

Steenblock

C

,

Hassanein

M

,

Khan

EG

,

Yaman

M

,

Kamel

M

,

Barbir

M

, et al.

Diabetes and COVID-19: short- and long-term consequences

.

Horm Metab Res

.

2022

;

54

(

8

):

503

–

9

.

158.

Khunti

K

,

Del Prato

S

,

Mathieu

C

,

Kahn

SE

,

Gabbay

RA

,

Buse

JB

.

Covid-19, hyperglycemia, and new-onset diabetes

.

Diabetes Care

.

2021

;

44

(

12

):

2645

–

55

.

159.

Memon

B

,

Abdelalim

EM

.

ACE2 function in the pancreatic islet: implications for relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes

.

Acta Physiol

.

2021

;

233

(

4

):

e13733

.

160.

Sinagra

E

,

Shahini

E

,

Crispino

F

,

Macaione

I

,

Guarnotta

V

,

Marasà

M

, et al.

COVID-19 and the pancreas: a narrative review

.

Life

.

2022

;

12

(

9

):

1292

.

161.

Ippolito

E

.

New-onset hyperglycemia after SARS-COV-2 infection

.

2023

.

162.

Unsworth

R

,

Wallace

S

,

Oliver

NS

,

Yeung

S

,

Kshirsagar

A

,

Naidu

H

, et al.

New-onset type 1 diabetes in children during COVID-19: multicenter regional findings in the U.K

.

Diabetes Care

.

2020

;

43

(

11

):

e170

–

1

.

163.

Qadir

MMF

,

Bhondeley

M

,

Beatty

W

,

Gaupp

DD

,

Doyle-Meyers

LA

,

Fischer

T

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas promotes thrombofibrosis and is associated with new-onset diabetes

.

JCI Insight

.

2021

;

6

(

16

):

e151551

.

164.

Galbadage

T

,

Peterson

BM

,

Awada

J

,

Buck

AS

,

Ramirez

DA

,

Wilson

J

, et al.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of sex-specific COVID-19 clinical outcomes

.

Front Med

.

2020

;

7

:

348

.

165.

Breithaupt-Faloppa

AC

,

Correia

CJ

,

Prado

CM

,

Stilhano

RS

,

Ureshino

RP

,

Moreira

LFP

.

17β-Estradiol, a potential ally to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 infection

.

Clinics

.

2020

;

75

:

e1980

.

166.

Channappanavar

R

,

Fett

C

,

Mack

M

,

Ten Eyck

PP

,

Meyerholz

DK

,

Perlman

S

.

Sex-based differences in susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

.

J Immunol

.

2017

;

198

(

10

):

4046

–

53

.

167.

Kovats

S

.

Estrogen receptors regulate innate immune cells and signaling pathways

.

Cell Immunol

.

2015

;

294

(

2

):

63

–

9

.

168.

Salciccia

S

,

Del Giudice

F

,

Eisenberg

ML

,

Mastroianni

CM

,

De Berardinis

E

,

Ricciuti

GP

, et al.

Testosterone target therapy: focus on immune response, controversies and clinical implications in patients with COVID-19 infection

.

Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab

.

2021

;

12

:

20420188211010105

.

169.

Fan

C

,

Lu

W

,

Li

K

,

Ding

Y

,

Wang

J

.

ACE2 expression in kidney and testis may cause kidney and testis infection in COVID-19 patients

.

Front Med

.

2020

;

7

:

563893

.

170.

Leanza

C

,

Mongioì

LM

,

Cannarella

R

,

La Vignera

S

,

Condorelli

RA

,

Calogero

AE

.

The possible role of SARS-CoV-2 in male fertility: a narrative review

.

Endocrines

.

2022

;

3

(

3

):

552

–

9

.

171.

Hezavehei

M

,

Shokoohian

B

,

Nasr-Esfahani

MH

,

Shpichka

A

,

Timashev

P

,

Shahverdi

A

, et al.

Possible male reproduction complications after Coronavirus pandemic

.

Cell J

.

2021

;

23

(

4

):

382

–

8

.

172.

Dutta

S

,

Sengupta

P

.

SARS-CoV-2 and male infertility: possible multifaceted pathology

.

Reprod Sci

.

2021

;

28

(

1

):

23

–

6

.

173.

Agolli

A

,

Yukselen

Z

,

Agolli

O

,

Patel

MH

,

Bhatt

KP

,

Concepcion

L

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 effect on male infertility and its possible pathophysiological mechanisms

.

Discoveries

.

2021

;

9

(

2

):

e131

.

174.

Rabie

AM

.

COVID-19 and sexual dysfunction in men: SARS-CoV-2 in the testes

.

Sexologies

.

2021

;

30

(

4

):

e141

–

8

.

175.

Bechmann

N

,

Maccio

U

,

Kotb

R

,

Dweik

RA

,

Cherfane

M

,

Moch

H

, et al.

COVID-19 infections in gonads: consequences on fertility

.

Horm Metab Res

.

2022

;

54

(

8

):

549

–

55

.

176.

Giannakopoulos

S

,

Ward

MA

,

Bakse

J

,

Pak

JH

,

Nerurkar

VR

,

Tallquist

MD

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to sustained testicular injury and functional impairments in K18 hACE2 mice

.

bioRxiv

.

2023

:

2010

–

23

.

177.

Jing

Y

,

Run-Qian

L

,

Hao-Ran

W

,

Hao-Ran

C

,

Ya-Bin

L

,

Yang

G

, et al.

Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system

.

Mol Hum Reprod

.

2020

;

26

(

6

):

367

–

73

.

178.

Piomboni

P

,

Luongo

FP

,

Dragoni

F

,

Gentile

M

,

Boccuto

A

,

Boschi

L

, et al.

P-460 SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ovarian cells: an in vitro model for the detection of the virus entry into the host cells

.

Hum Reprod

.

2022

;

37

(

Suppl1

).

179.

Luongo

FP

,

Dragoni

F

,

Boccuto

A

,

Paccagnini

E

,

Gentile

M

,

Canosi

T

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ovarian cells: a potential negative impact on female fertility

.

Cells

.

2022

;

11

(

9

):

1431

.

180.

Carp-Veliscu

A

,

Mehedintu

C

,

Frincu

F

,

Bratila

E

,

Rasu

S

,

Iordache

I

, et al.

The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on female fertility: a review of the literature

.

Int J Environ Res Public Health

.

2022

;

19

(

2

):

984

.

181.

Dolgushin

GO

,

Romanov

AY

.

Effects of sars-cov-2 on human reproduction

.

Akusherstvo i Ginekol Russ Fed

.

2020

;

2020

(

11

).

182.

Lee

WY

,

Mok

A

,

Chung

JPW

.

Potential effects of covid-19 on reproductive systems and fertility; assisted reproductive technology guidelines and considerations: a review

.

Hong Kong Med J

.

2021

;

27

(

2

):

118

–

26

.

183.

Huffman

AM

,

Rezq

S

,

Basnet

J

,

Yanes Cardozo

LL

,

Romero

DG

.

Sars-cov-2 viral entry proteins in hyperandrogenemic female mice: implications for women with pcos and covid-19

.

Int J Mol Sci

.

2021

;

22

(

9

):

4472

.

184.

Saffon

J

,

Moreno-sepulveda

J

,

Checa

MA

,

Espinos

JJ

.

P-466 the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination on controlled ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization: a multicenter retrospective cohort study

.

Hum Reprod

.

2023

;

38

(

Suppl1

).

185.

Bentov

Y

,

Beharier

O

,

Moav-Zafrir

A

,

Kabessa

M

,

Godin

M

,

Greenfield

CS

, et al.

Ovarian follicular function is not altered by SARS-CoV-2 infection or BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

.

Hum Reprod

.

2021

;

36

(

9

):

2506

–

13

.

186.

Ata

B

,

Vermeulen

N

,

Mocanu

E

,

Gianaroli

L

,

Lundin

K

,

Rautakallio-Hokkanen

S

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2, fertility and assisted reproduction

.

Hum Reprod Update

.

2023

;

29

(

2

):

177

–

96

.

187.

Wang

M

,

Yang

Q

,

Ren

X

,

Hu

J

,

Li

Z

,

Long

R

, et al.

Investigating the impact of asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection on female fertility and in vitro fertilization outcomes: a retrospective cohort study

.

EClinicalMedicine

.

2021

;

38

:

101013

.

188.

Requena

A

,

Vergara

V

,

González-Ravina

C

,

Ruiz

ME

,

Cruz

M

.

The type of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine does not affect ovarian function in assisted reproduction cycle

.

Fertil Steril

.

2023

;

119

(

4

):

618

–

23

.

189.

Bravo

VV

,

Cruz

M

,

González

C

,

Ruíz

ME

,

Requena

A

.

P-624 the type of vaccine received against SARS-CoV-2 does not affect ovarian function in an Assisted Reproduction cycle

.

Hum Reprod

.

2022

;

37

(

Suppl1

).

190.

de Lucena

TMC

,

da Silva Santos

AF

,

de Lima

BR

,

de Albuquerque Borborema

ME

,

de Azevêdo Silva

J

.

Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19

.

Diabetes Metab Syndr

.

2020

;

14

(

4

):

597

–

600

.

191.

Martin

JH

,

Head

RE

.

Obesity and COVID-19: renin-angiotensin as a mediator of morbidity and mortality

.

Br J Nutr

.

2022

;

127

(

9

):

1439

–

40

.

192.

Al Heialy

S

,

Hachim

MY

,

Senok

A

,

Gaudet

M

,

Abou Tayoun

A

,

Hamoudi

R

, et al.

Regulation of angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 in obesity: implications for COVID-19

.

Front Physiol

.

2020

;

11

:

555039

.

193.

Martínez-Colón

GJ

,

Ratnasiri

K

,

Chen

H

,

Jiang

S

,

Zanley

E

,

Rustagi

A

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 infection drives an inflammatory response in human adipose tissue through infection of adipocytes and macrophages

.

Sci Transl Med

.

2022

;

14

(

674

):

eabm9151

.

194.

Drożdżyńska

J

,

Jakubowska

W

,

Kemuś

M

,

Krokowska

M

,

Karpezo

K

,

Wiśniewska

M

, et al.

SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines in people with excessive body mass: a narrative review

.

Life

.

2022

;

12

(

10

):

1617

.

195.

De Bandt

JP

,

Monin

C

.

Obesity, nutrients and the immune system in the era of covid-19

.

Nutrients

.

2021

;

13

(

2

):

610

.

196.

Reiterer

M

,

Rajan

M

,

Gomez-Banoy

N

,

Lau

JD

,

Gómez-Escobar

LG

,

Gilani

A

, et al.

Hyperglycemia in acute COVID-19 is characterized by adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance

.

SSRN J

.

2021

.

197.

Zhao

L

.

Obesity accompanying COVID-19: the role of epicardial fat

.

Obesity

.

2020

;

28

(

8

):

1367

.

198.

Chang

R

,

Yen-Ting Chen

T

,

Wang

SI

,

Hung

YM

,

Chen

HY

,

Wei

CCJ

.

Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

.

EClinicalMedicine

.

2023

;

56

:

101783

.

199.

Peng

K

,

Li

X

,

Yang

D

,

Chan

SCW

,

Zhou

J

,

Wan

EYF

, et al.

Risk of autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 and the potential protective effect from vaccination: a population-based cohort study

.

EClinicalMedicine

.

2023

;

63

:

102154

.

200.

Rahimmanesh

I

,

Shariati

L

,

Dana

N

,

Esmaeili

Y

,

Vaseghi

G

,

Haghjooy Javanmard

S

.

Cancer occurrence as the upcoming complications of COVID-19

.

Front Mol Biosci

.

2021

;

8

:

813175

.

201.

Hertanto

DM

,

Wiratama

BS

,

Sutanto

H

,

Wungu

CDK

.

Immunomodulation as a potent COVID-19 pharmacotherapy: past, present and future

.

J Inflamm Res

.

2021

;

14

:

3419

–

28

.

202.

Nickols

NG

,

Goetz

MB

,

Graber

CJ

,

Bhattacharya

D

,

Soo Hoo

G

,

Might

M

, et al.

Hormonal intervention for the treatment of veterans with COVID-19 requiring hospitalization (HITCH): a multicenter, phase 2 randomized controlled trial of best supportive care vs best supportive care plus degarelix – study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

.

Trials

.

2021

;

22

(

1

):

431

.