References
1.
Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M: A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer 2003;97:934–959.
2.
Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M: A 50-year analysis of 562 gastric carcinoids: small tumor or larger problem? Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:23–32.
3.
Modlin IM, Kidd M, Latich I, et al: Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1717–1751.
4.
Bordi C: Gastric carcinoids. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;31(suppl 2):S94–S97.
5.
Rindi G, Luinetti O, Cornaggia M, et al: Three subtypes of gastric argyrophil carcinoid and the gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. Gastroenterology 1993;104:994–1006.
6.
Rindi G, Bordi C, Rappel S, et al: Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: pathogenesis, pathology, and behavior. World J Surg 1996;20:168–172.
7.
Borch K, Renvall H, Liedberg G: Gastric endocrine cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumors in pernicious anemia. Gastroenterology 1985;88:638–648.
8.
Solcia E, Bordi C, Creutzfeldt W, et al: Histopathological classification of nonantral gastric endocrine growths in man. Digestion 1988;41:185–200.
9.
Carney JA, Go VL, Fairbanks VF, et al: The syndrome of gastric argyrophil carcinoid tumors and nonantral gastric atrophy. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:761–766.
10.
Bordi C, Yu JY, Baggi MT, et al: Gastric carcinoids and their precursor lesions. A histologic and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases. Cancer 1991;67:663–672.
11.
Sjoblom SM, Sipponen P, Karonen SL, et al: Mucosal argyrophil endocrine cells in pernicious anaemia and upper gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours. J Clin Pathol 1989;42:371–377.
12.
Stockbrugger RW, Menon GG, Beilby JO, et al: Gastroscopic screening in 80 patients with pernicious anaemia. Gut 1983;24:1141–1147.
13.
Gough DB, Thompson GB, Crotty TB, et al: Diverse clinical and pathologic features of gastric carcinoid and the relevance of hypergastrinemia. World J Surg 1994;18:473–479; discussion 479–480.
14.
Rappel S, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Stolte M: Prognosis of gastric carcinoid tumours. Digestion 1995;56:455–462.
15.
Modlin IM, Gilligan CJ, Lawton GP, et al: Gastric carcinoids. The Yale Experience. Arch Surg 1995;130:250–255; discussion 255–256.
16.
Wilander E, El-Salhy M, Pitkanen P: Histopathology of gastric carcinoids: a survey of 42 cases. Histopathology 1984;8:183–193.
17.
Thomas RM, Baybick JH, Elsayed AM, et al: Gastric carcinoids: an immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study of 104 patients. Cancer 1994;73:2053–2058.
18.
Cattan D, Roucayrol AM, Launay JM: Fundic endocrine disease of fundic atrophic gastritis with achlorhydria. I. Serum gastrin and fundic endocrine hyperplasia relationship: reality and significance. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991;15:30C–35C.
19.
Borch K, Ahren B, Ahlman H, et al: Gastric carcinoids: biologic behavior and prognosis after differentiated treatment in relation to type. Ann Surg 2005;242:64–73.
20.
Rindi G, Azzoni C, La Rosa S, et al: ECL cell tumor and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma of the stomach: prognostic evaluation by pathological analysis. Gastroenterology 1999;116:532–542.
21.
Eckhauser FE, Lloyd RV, Thompson NW, et al: Antrectomy for multicentric, argyrophil gastric carcinoids: a preliminary report. Surgery 1988;104:1046–1053.
22.
Lehy T, Cadiot G, Mignon M, et al: Influence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 on gastric endocrine cells in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gut 1992;33:1275–1279.
23.
Cadiot G, Laurent-Puig P, Thuille B, et al: Is the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene a suppressor for fundic argyrophil tumors in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? Gastroenterology 1993;105:579–582.
24.
Gibril F, Schumann M, Pace A, et al: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a prospective study of 107 cases and comparison with 1009 cases from the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2004;83:43–83.
25.
Norton JA, Melcher ML, Gibril F, et al: Gastric carcinoid tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia-1 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be symptomatic, demonstrate aggressive growth, and require surgical treatment. Surgery 2004;136:1267–1274.
26.
Cadiot G, Vissuzaine C, Potet F, et al: Fundic argyrophil carcinoid tumor in a patient with sporadic-type Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:1275–1278.
27.
Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M: Carcinoid tumors of the stomach. Surg Oncol 2003;12:153–172.
28.
Cattan D, Roucayrol AM, Launay JM, Callebert J, Courillon-Mallet A: Serum gastrin and argyrophil cell hyperplasia relationships in fundic gastritis; in Hankanson R, Sunder F (eds): The Stomach as an Endocrine Organ. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991, pp 425–448.
29.
Borch K, Renvall H, Liedberg G, et al: Relations between circulating gastrin and endocrine cell proliferation in the atrophic gastric fundic mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986;21:357–363.
30.
Peracchi M, Gebbia C, Basilisco G, et al: Plasma chromogranin A in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis, enterochromaffin-like cell lesions and gastric carcinoids. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;152:443–448.
31.
Lehy T, Mignon M, Cadiot G, et al: Gastric endocrine cell behavior in Zollinger-Ellison patients upon long-term potent antisecretory treatment. Gastroenterology 1989;96:1029–1040.
32.
Mignon M, Lehy T, Bonnefond A, et al: Development of gastric argyrophil carcinoid tumors in a case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with primary hyperparathyroidism during long-term antisecretory treatment. Cancer 1987;59:1959–1962.
33.
Solcia E, Klöppel G, Sobin LH: Histological typing of endocrine tumours; in Solcia E, Klöppel G, Sobin LH (eds): Histological Typing of Endocrine Tumours (International classification of tumours), ed 2. Berlin, Springer, 2000.
34.
Annibale B, Azzoni C, Corleto VD, et al: Atrophic body gastritis patients with enterochromaffin-like cell dysplasia are at increased risk for the development of type I gastric carcinoid. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13:1449–1456.
35.
Ahlman H, Kolby L, Lundell L, et al: Clinical management of gastric carcinoid tumors. Digestion 1994;55(suppl 3):77–85.
36.
Hirschowitz BI, Griffith J, Pellegrin D, et al: Rapid regression of enterochromaffin-like cell gastric carcinoids in pernicious anemia after antrectomy. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1409–1418.
37.
Cadiot G, Lehy T, Bonfils S: Action of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201–995) on the growth-promoting effect resulting from sustained achlorhydria in rat gastric mucosa, with special reference to endocrine cell behaviour. Eur J Clin Invest 1988;18:360–368.
38.
Ruszniewski P, Ramdani A, Cadiot G, et al: Long-term treatment with octreotide in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 1993;23:296–301.
39.
Modlin IM, Kumar R, Nangia A, et al: Gastrin-dependent inhibitory effects of octreotide on the genesis of gastric ECLomas. Surgery 1992;112:1048–1056; discussion 1056– 1058.
40.
D’Adda T, Annibale B, Delle Fave G, et al: Oxyntic endocrine cells of hypergastrinaemic patients: differential response to antrectomy or octreotide. Gut 1996;38:668–674.
41.
Tomassetti P, Migliori M, Caletti GC, et al: Treatment of type II gastric carcinoid tumors with somatostatin analogues. N Engl J Med 2000;343:551–554.
© 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel
2007
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the...
© 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel
2007
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
