... to the influence of substances or inflammatory cytokines that should be cleared in time. In addition, oxidative stress, the gut, and the gut microbiota are also influencing factors. Key Messages: In this review, we highlight the mechanisms involved in the development of CI in CKD. [email protected]...

...Neal Shah; Hamid Rabb Recent studies have demonstrated an important role played by gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and host immune system function. Gut microbiota have been studied in experimental acute kidney injury (AKI) using different mice and rat models exposed to either...

...Sepideh Gharaie; Sanjeev Noel; Hamid Rabb Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious syndrome that involves multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota mediates experimental AKI. The precise microbial populations involved...

...Mami Kikuchi; Mariko Ueno; Yoshiharu Itoh; Wataru Suda; Masahira Hattori Background: In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), many metabolites of gut microbiota retain in the body as uremic toxins (UTs). However, the kinds of bacteria producing UTs are rarely discussed. Methods: We analyzed...