The high incidence and poor short-term outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) have focused attention on this global healthcare issue. Concurrently, the long-term effects of AKI are increasingly appreciated, namely, increased risk of subsequent chronic kidney disease, end stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapies and a higher rate of cardiovascular events. Whilst there is little doubt about the strength of these associations, knowledge gaps remain. To address some of these, the AKI Risk In Derby study commenced in 2013. This is a prospective case-control study investigating the long-term effects of AKI in a general hospitalized population (including those with less severe AKI). This review will summarize the background and rationale of this study, its design and methodology, as well as the 1-year outcome results from a preceding pilot study.

Keywords:
Acute kidney injury, E-alerts, Remote consent, Chronic kidney disease progression, Proteinuria, Albuminuria
1.
Chawla LS, Eggers PW, Star RA, Kimmel PL: Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as interconnected syndromes. N Engl J Med 2014;371:58-66.
2.
Chawla LS, Kimmel PL: Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: an integrated clinical syndrome. Kidney Int 2012;82:516-524.
3.
Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR: Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2012;81:442-448.
4.
Chawla LS, Amdur RL, Amodeo S, Kimmel PL, Palant CE: The severity of acute kidney injury predicts progression to chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2011;79:1361-1369.
5.
Amdur RL, Chawla LS, Amodeo S, Kimmel PL, Palant CE: Outcomes following diagnosis of acute renal failure in U.S. Veterans: focus on acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int 2009;76:1089-1097.
6.
Lo LJ, Go AS, Chertow GM, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordoñez JD, Hsu CY: Dialysis-requiring acute renal failure increases the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2009;76:893-899.
7.
Venkatachalam MA, Griffin KA, Lan R, Geng H, Saikumar P, Bidani AK: Acute kidney injury: a springboard for progression in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010;298:F1078-F1094.
8.
Basile DP, Donohoe D, Roethe K, Osborn JL: Renal ischemic injury results in permanent damage to peritubular capillaries and influences long-term function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001;281:F887-F899.
9.
Tomlinson LA, Riding AM, Payne RA, Abel GA, Tomson CR, Wilkinson IB, Roland MO, Chaudhry AN: The accuracy of diagnostic coding for acute kidney injury in England - a single centre study. BMC Nephrol 2013;14:58.
10.
Vlasschaert ME, Bejaimal SA, Hackam DG, Quinn R, Cuerden MS, Oliver MJ, Iansavichus A, Sultan N, Mills A, Garg AX: Validity of administrative database coding for kidney disease: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;57:29-43.
11.
James MT, Ghali WA, Tonelli M, Faris P, Knudtson ML, Pannu N, Klarenbach SW, Manns BJ, Hemmelgarn BR: Acute kidney injury following coronary angiography is associated with a long-term decline in kidney function. Kidney Int 2010;78:803-809.
12.
Ishani A, Nelson D, Clothier B, Schult T, Nugent S, Greer N, Slinin Y, Ensrud KE: The magnitude of acute serum creatinine increase after cardiac surgery and the risk of chronic kidney disease, progression of kidney disease, and death. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:226-233.
13.
Selby NM, Crowley L, Fluck RJ, McIntyre CW, Monaghan J, Lawson N, Kolhe NV: Use of electronic results reporting to diagnose and monitor AKI in hospitalized patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:533-540.
14.
Horne KL, Packington R, Monaghan J, Reilly T, McIntyre CW, Selby NM: The effects of acute kidney injury on long-term renal function and proteinuria in a general hospitalised population. Nephron Clin Pract 2014;128:192-200.
15.
Go AS, Parikh CR, Ikizler TA, Coca S, Siew ED, Chinchilli VM, Hsu CY, Garg AX, Zappitelli M, Liu KD, Reeves WB, Ghahramani N, Devarajan P, Faulkner GB, Tan TC, Kimmel PL, Eggers P, Stokes JB; Assessment Serial Evaluation, and Subsequent Sequelae of Acute Kidney Injury Study Investigators: The assessment, serial evaluation, and subsequent sequelae of acute kidney injury (ASSESS-AKI) study: design and methods. BMC Nephrol 2010;11:22.
16.
British Society of Gastroenterology: Guidelines for postal consenting for outpatient endoscopic procedures. http://www.bsg.org.uk/clinical-guidelines/endoscopy/guidelines-for-postal-consenting-for-outpatient-endoscopic-procedures.html.
17.
McIntyre NJ, Fluck RJ, McIntyre CW, Taal MW: Risk profile in chronic kidney disease stage 3: older versus younger patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2011;119:c269-c276.
18.
Dickson LE, Wagner MC, Sandoval RM, Molitoris BA: The proximal tubule and albuminuria: really! J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;25:443-453.
19.
Goldstein SL, Jaber BL, Faubel S, Chawla LS; Acute Kidney Injury Advisory Group of American Society of Nephrology: AKI transition of care: a potential opportunity to detect and prevent CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:476-483.
20.
Siew ED, Peterson JF, Eden SK, Hung AM, Speroff T, Ikizler TA, Matheny ME: Outpatient nephrology referral rates after acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23:305-312.
© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel
2015
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.