..., adenosine deaminases (ADAs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), relevant to COVID-19 remain incompletely characterized. Methods: Peripheral blood was longitudinally collected between May 2020 and March 2021 from COVID-19 hospitalized adults (N = 79) and healthy controls (HCs) (N = 14; not tested, assumed COVID...

... by a plethora of surface bound, endosomal, and cytoplasmic innate immune receptors known as pattern recognition receptors. Of these, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the induction of cytokines during virus infection. Recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs...

... Inflammatory response Complement Toll-like receptors CD14 Cytokines A. fumigatus is one of the most widespread fungal species in nature and conidia have been found to withstand a wide range of environmental factors, such as extreme temperatures [ 1‒3 ] and a wide range of pHs [ 3, 4 ]. The fungus...

..., the present article discusses the impact of PRR activation on IR, which governs the pathogenesis of inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Immunometabolism Infection Inflammation Toll-like receptors NOD-like receptors cGLRs Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like receptors Glycolysis Oxidative...

...Louise Chomel; Mathieu Vogt; Julien Demiselle; Pierrick Le Borgne; Marine Tschirhart; Valentin Morandeau; Hamid Merdji; Laurent Miguet; Julie Helms; Ferhat Meziani; Laurent Mauvieux Introduction: Toll-like receptors play crucial roles in the sepsis-induced systemic inflammatory response. Septic...

.... Chorioallantoic membrane Chick embryo Innate immunity Antimicrobial peptides Avian β-defensins Toll-like receptors Eggshell Avian eggs are continuously exposed to microbes. They are challenged with high numbers of potentially pathogenic agents from the laying hen during oviposition, through the air...

...Sebastian F. Vencken; Catherine M. Greene Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that are particularly expressed in the sentinel and epithelial cells in the body, including the lung. They are central players in the innate immune system in response to microbial...

.... It reprograms Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 responses by attenuating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines without suppressing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators, but the mechanisms of reprogramming remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the induction of endotoxin tolerance in human...

... and dissemination during Klebsiella pneumonia. We show here that the impaired antibacterial defense of TRIF mutant mice is associated with absent interferon (IFN)-γ production in the lungs. IFN-γ production by splenocytes in response to K. pneumoniae in vitro was critically dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4...

... the Toll-like receptor TLR5 and the Nod-like receptor Nlrc4/Ipaf, culminating in the expression of innate cytokines and antimicrobial molecules. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TLR5 and Nlrc4 in combination are required for maximal protective lung innate mucosal immunity against PA. To test...

...Asaf Wilensky; Rinat Tzach-Nahman; Jan Potempa; Lior Shapira; Gabriel Nussbaum Cysteine proteases (gingipains) from Porphyromonas gingivalis are key virulence factors in chronic periodontitis. Innate immune receptors CD14, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are important in P. gingivalis...

..., instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Epithelial cells Interleukin-10 Intestine Macrophages Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Toll-like receptors National Institutes of Health (NIH) 10.13039/100000002 Intestinal mucosal immune responses...

...Dana C. Blok; Miriam H.P. van Lieshout; Arie J. Hoogendijk; Sandrine Florquin; Onno J. de Boer; Cecilia Garlanda; Alberto Mantovani; Cornelis van't Veer; Alex F. de Vos; Tom van der Poll Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia and sepsis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal...

..., instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Toll-like receptors Circulating miRNAs Innate immunity Cytokines Immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells sense microbe-derived nucleic acids through a subset of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed...

... receptors in murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) revealed that BMMCs express melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), protein kinase RNA-activated, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and Toll-like receptor 3. The expression levels of these receptors were found to increase upon...

... intestinal explants but recovered after explant exposure to UV-killed bacteria, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 or TLR4 agonists. Genetic deficiency of several TLRs or MyD88 led to dramatic drops in Defa transcription in vivo. These results show that Paneth cell Defa genes are regulated by commensal bacteria...

...E. Blazusiak; D. Florczyk; J. Jura; J. Potempa; J. Koziel Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key molecules in innate immunity that recognize a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Activation of TLRs by their agonists initiates several signaling cascades, which eventually result...

...- and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce proinflammatory macrophages by Toll-like receptors or inflammasomes. Such classically activated macrophages contribute to further tissue inflammation and damage. Apoptotic cells and an- tiinflammatory cytokines dominate in postinflammatory tissues which induce...

... inflammation and other conditions of sterile inflammation such as ischemia reperfusion injury. In this review, we will focus on the role of DAMPs in DC function. Dendritic cells Sterile inflammation Damage-associated molecular pattern Toll-like receptors High mobility group box protein 1 © 2011 S...

...Norihito Kawasaki; Christoph Rademacher; James C. Paulson B cells sense microenvironments through the B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). While signals from BCR and TLRs synergize to distinguish self from nonself, inappropriate regulation can result in development of autoimmune...