... component characteristic of some XLA patients, even under optimal therapeutic conditions. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase B-lymphocytes Gene expression profiling X-linked agammaglobulinemia Toll-like receptor NF-kappaB X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) results from pathogenic genetic variants...

... interleukin-27 (IL-27) regulates signal transduction downstream of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 ligation, which recognize endosomal single-stranded RNA. Given that IL-27 alters bacterial-sensing TLR expression on myeloid cells and can inhibit replication of single-stranded RNA viruses, we investigated...

...Stanislas Grassin-Delyle; Charlotte Abrial; Hélène Salvator; Marion Brollo; Emmanuel Naline; Philippe Devillier Background: The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is involved in the recognition of and response to microbial infections. These receptors are expressed in leukocytes. TLR stimulation...

... of RNA sensors is strictly regulated. All of the Toll-like receptors that recognize RNA are localized to endosomes/lysosomes, which require internalization of RNA for sensing through an endocytic pathway. RIG-I-like receptors sense RNA in cytosol. These receptors are expressed in a cell type-specific...

... and murine phagocytes and mouse lungs. H1 had the strongest ability in vitro to induce cell swelling independent of requirements for toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 or 4. These responses were also associated with lactate dehydrogenase release. H3 and H2B were the strongest inducers of [Ca 2+ ]i elevations...

... germline-encoded receptors (e.g. pattern recognition receptors [PRRs] such as toll-like receptors [TLRs]). Innate immune responses can be mediated through cell-dependent mechanisms (e.g. phagocytosis and cytotoxicity) or secreted factors, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) [ 4, 5, 6 ], complement...

... inflammation is good or bad in CF and how innate immune mechanisms could be harnessed therapeutically. Cystic fibrosis Lung disease Host defense Immune response Pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor Neutrophils • When should inflammation be targeted? At first glance, the earlier...

..., instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Natural killer cells Tuberculosis Mycobacteria Natural cytotoxicity receptors Toll-like receptor The strategies used by NK cells to recognize their targets are diverse. The first includes the recognition of host-derived...

... or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Leukotriene B 4 Neutrophils Toll-like receptor Antimicrobial peptides Host defense...

... Immune response Insects Invertebrates Pattern recognition receptors Toll Toll-like receptor NIH Autophagy is an ancient biological process by which cells break down cytoplasmic material through the lysosomal degradation pathway [ 1 ]. Evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotic...

..., instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Apoptosis Cytokines Host defense Immune response Macrophages Sepsis Septic shock Toll-like receptor Of the seven members of the GRK family, GRK5 was first identified as a kinase that phosphorylates β 2 -adrenergic receptor...

... Antimicrobial peptides Endotoxin Host defense Immune response Pathogen-associated molecular patterns Pattern recognition receptors Sepsis Septic shock Toll-like receptor The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invasive organisms. It comprises humoral and cellular components...

...(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Antimicrobial peptides Host defense Toll-like receptor Defensin In mammals, defensins are a multigene family...

.... Autoimmunity Epithelium Host defense Immune response Pathogen-associated molecular patterns Pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor Skin In other skin disorders, the evidence for a role of PRRs is still more speculative, although it may have important implications. We will mention three...

..., instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Cytokines Host defense Immune response Toll-like receptor Innate lymphoid cells Rorγt Journal of Innate Immunity Review J Innate Immun 2011;3:577 584 DOI: 10.1159/000330668 Received: March 29, 2011 Accepted after revision...

...Lijian Wang; Estela Trebicka; Ying Fu; Lisa Waggoner; Shizuo Akira; Katherine A. Fitzgerald; Jonathan C. Kagan; Bobby J. Cherayil Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α requires the recruitment of two pairs of adaptors to the Toll-like receptor 4 cytoplasmic...

.... 2011 Allergy Antimicrobial peptides Pathogen-associated molecular patterns Toll-like receptor Journal of Innate Immunity Review J Innate Immun 2011;3:131 141 DOI: 10.1159/000323963 Received: December 8, 2010 Accepted after revision: January 3, 2011 Published online: January 21, 2011...

... in responding to invading pathogens. Here, we have investigated the response of human mast cells to the Nod1 ligand M-TriDAP. Human cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMCs) were activated with M-TriDAP alone, or in combination with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zymosan. Release...

.../Th17 response in the lung. MyD88-deficient bone marrow-derived mDCs did not respond to GC frass treatment, suggesting a functional Toll-like receptor pathway was important to induce the Th2/Th17 response. Together, our data show that GC frass activated the innate immune response to augment DC...

...Rebecca C. Coll; Luke A.J. O’Neill The activation of Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) triggers intracellular signalling pathways that lead to effector mechanisms in innate immunity and inflammation. The negative regulation of TLR signalling has been extensively studied...