... adusta was reported. In the present study, the role of Toll-like receptors and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in B. adusta- induced lung inflammation was investigated. Methods: Wild-type (WT), TLR2 -/- ,TLR4 -/- , and MyD88 -/- BALB/c mice were intratracheally challenged with B. adusta 4 times...

... was to evaluate fungal protease activity during cytokine production in nasal polyp epithelial cells and to determine the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA by fungi. Methods: Nasal polyp epithelial cells were obtained from patients and stimulated with Alternaria and Aspergillus . Interleukin-8 (IL-8...

... by Lactobacillus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium breve (Bb1, Bb2) in the presence or absence of IEC was addressed in an in vitro transwell co-culture model. Methods: UV-killed LGG,Bb1, Bb2 or Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 or nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) 2 ligands were added directly to unstimulated or anti...

..., are potential targets of probiotics given the recent discovery that they express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the pattern recognition receptors for microbial components. In this study, we examined whether allergic reactions of mast cells are modulated by stimulation through TLR2. Methods: The effects on mast...

... abnormalities. Defective signaling in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways has been suggested as a responsible pathologic mechanism, however, in previous reports, 10 patients revealed no defect in inflammatory cytokine responses to different TLR ligands. Here, we report the increase in pro-inflammatory...

...Akiko Komiya; Hiroyuki Nagase; Shu Okugawa; Yasuo Ota; Maho Suzukawa; Ayako Kawakami; Takashi Sekiya; Kouji Matsushima; Ken Ohta; Koichi Hirai; Kazuhiko Yamamoto; Masao Yamaguchi We investigated the expression and function of a panel of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in human basophils. Basophil...

... oligodeoxynucleotide Toll-like receptor Eosinophil B cells Plasmacytoid dendritic cells Innate immunity has received attention not only because it participates in the prevention of microbial infection but also because it is capable of shifting host immunity away from Th2 toward Th1 [ 1, 2 ]. Human...

... (CS) reactions after active immunization. The aim of this work was to test if EC application of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands together with protein antigen could reverse suppression of CS. Methods: Mice were EC immunized by applying gauze patches soaked with a solution of protein antigen alone...

...Markus Schnare; Martin Röllinghoff; Salman Qureshi Innate immunity provides a first line of host defence against infection through microbial recognition and killing while simultaneously activating a definitive adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are principal mediators of rapid...

...Jean S. Marshall; Jeffrey D. McCurdy; Tim Olynych Toll-like receptors have a critical role in innate immunity and host defence. However their role in allergic disease has not been studied in great detail. The presence of these receptors on mast cells opens up new possibilities concerning the role...