... the bladder, followed by an enhanced activity of the enzymes of the ornithine-urea cycle. Rapid diffusion of urea into muscles protects the latter against damage due to hypertonicity of the plasma and extracellular fluid. Neurohypophysial hormones appear to act mainly on the bladder where they appear...

...Ryan P. Clark; Mark Schuenke; Stephanie M. Keeton; Robert S. Staron; John J. Kopchick The precise effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on muscle development and physiology are relatively unknown. Furthermore, there have been conflicting reports on the effects...

...Iain C.A.F. Robinson; Evelien F. Gevers Muscle cells, like almost all other cells in the body, show growth and metabolic responses to growth hormone (GH). Although GH actions are classically thought to be mediated via insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), it is now recognized that GH has direct...

... normally adapted to the largest physiological loads, that is muscle force? Is muscle force adequate for body size? The theoretical background for this approach is provided by the mechanostat theory, which proposes that bones adapt their strength to keep the strain caused by physiological loads close...

...David B. Dunger; Burak Salgin; Ken Ong Muscle is the major target for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, the key determinant of total body insulin sensitivity. Muscle-specific insulin resistance with compensatory hyperinsulinaemia is a feature of normal puberty, and contributes to the variation...

..., muscle, fat and bone, by means of peripheral quantitative computed tomography. This method, in which a component of the body is taken to represent the whole, is non-invasive and suitable for children. Our study group comprised 74 pre-pubertal children with GH deficiency (mean age, 7.2 years; height...

...Melinda Sheffield-Moore; Douglas Paddon-Jones; Randall J. Urban In recent years, considerable scientific interest has been devoted to amino acid supplementation and its role in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism in health, ageing and disease. This interest has, in part, stemmed from clinical...

...Thord Rosén Doping with growth hormone (GH) is a problem among both elite athletes and ordinary young adults who use gyms. However, the role of GH as an effective anabolic muscle doping agent, when taken alone, is questioned, although at lower doses GH may be seen to be effective when taken...

...Nelly Mauras The characteristic changes in human puberty – increased muscle bulk, increased linear growth, and the mineralization of the skeleton – are due, in part, to the combined effects of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), sex hormones and insulin. GH and testosterone...

... combined with glucose tracers and studies of forearm glucose uptake, we found an impairment of insulin-stimulated glycolytic flux and reduced forearm (muscle) glucose uptake in the face of normal whole-body glucose uptake. In addition, we found a significantly decreased insulin secretion rate during oral...

... understanding of growth hormone-dependent and -independent expression of the IGF1 gene in skeletal muscle and the role of sufficient energy intake during training for muscle and liver generation of IGF-I raises important questions regarding their relative contribution to the circulating pool of IGF-I...

...Matthias M. Weber Human growth hormone (GH) is widely abused as a performance-enhancing anabolic drug by athletes and bodybuilders. However, the effects of GH on skeletal muscle mass, strength and fibre composition remain unclear. We therefore summarize in the following the current knowledge...