Abstract
Background: For children with retarded bone ages such as in constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) there are no specific methods to predict adult height based on bone age. Widely used methods such as Bayley-Pinneau (BP) tend to overestimate adult height in CDGP. Objective: We aimed to develop a specific adult height prediction model for teenage boys with retarded bone ages >1 year. Methods: Based on the adult heights of 68 males (median age 22.5 years) a new height prediction model was calculated based on 105 height measurements and bone age determinations at a median age of 14.0 years. The new model was adapted for the degree of bone age retardation and validated in an independent cohort of 32 boys with CDGP. Results: The BP method overestimated adult height (median +1.2 cm; p = 0.282), especially in boys with a bone age retardation ≥2 years (median +1.6 cm; p = 0.027). In the validation study, there was no significant difference between adult height and predicted adult height based on the new model (p = 0.196), while the BP model led to a significant overestimation of predicted adult height (median +4.1 cm; p = 0.009). Conclusions: The new model to predict adult height in boys with CDGP provides novel indices for height predictions in bone ages >13 years and is adapted to different degrees of bone age retardation. The new prediction model has a good predictive capability and overcomes some of the shortcomings of the BP model.
References
1.
Greulich
WW
, Pyle
S
. Radiograph atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist
. 2nd ed. California
: Stanford University Press
; 1959
.2.
Bayley
N
, Pinneau
SR
. Tables for predicting adult height from skeletal age: revised for use with the Greulich-Pyle hand standards
. J Pediatr
. 1952
Apr
;40
(4
):423
–41
.
[PubMed]
0022-34763.
Martin
DD
, Wit
JM
, Hochberg
Z
, Sävendahl
L
, van Rijn
RR
, Fricke
O
, et al. The use of bone age in clinical practice - part 1
. Horm Res Paediatr
. 2011
;76
(1
):1
–9
.
[PubMed]
1663-28184.
Satoh
M
. Bone age: assessment methods and clinical applications
. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol
. 2015
Oct
;24
(4
):143
–52
.
[PubMed]
0918-57395.
Roemmich
JN
, Blizzard
RM
, Peddada
SD
, Malina
RM
, Roche
AF
, Tanner
JM
, et al. Longitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys. IV: predictions of adult height by the Bayley-Pinneau, Roche-Wainer-Thissen, and Tanner-Whitehouse methods compared
. Am J Hum Biol
. 1997
;9
(3
):371
–80
.
[PubMed]
1042-05336.
Ostojic
SM
. Prediction of adult height by Tanner-Whitehouse method in young Caucasian male athletes
. QJM
. 2013
Apr
;106
(4
):341
–5
.
[PubMed]
1460-27257.
Bonfig
W
, Schwarz
HP
. Overestimation of final height prediction in patients with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia using the Bayley and Pinneau method
. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab
. 2012
;25
(7-8
):645
–9
.
[PubMed]
0334-018X8.
Maes
M
, Vandeweghe
M
, Du Caju
M
, Ernould
C
, Bourguignon
JP
, Massa
G
. A valuable improvement of adult height prediction methods in short normal children
. Horm Res
. 1997
;48
(4
):184
–90
.
[PubMed]
0301-01639.
Brämswig
JH
, Fasse
M
, Holthoff
ML
, von Lengerke
HJ
, von Petrykowski
W
, Schellong
G
. Adult height in boys and girls with untreated short stature and constitutional delay of growth and puberty: accuracy of five different methods of height prediction
. J Pediatr
. 1990
Dec
;117
(6
):886
–91
.
[PubMed]
0022-347610.
Topor
LS
, Feldman
HA
, Bauchner
H
, Cohen
LE
. Variation in methods of predicting adult height for children with idiopathic short stature
. Pediatrics
. 2010
Nov
;126
(5
):938
–44
.
[PubMed]
0031-400511.
Sperlich
M
, Butenandt
O
, Schwarz
HP
. Final height and predicted height in boys with untreated constitutional growth delay
. Eur J Pediatr
. 1995
Aug
;154
(8
):627
–32
.
[PubMed]
0340-619912.
Binder
G
, Schweizer
R
, Blumenstock
G
, Braun
R
. Inhibin B plus LH vs GnRH agonist test for distinguishing constitutional delay of growth and puberty from isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in boys
. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
. 2015
Jan
;82
(1
):100
–5
.
[PubMed]
0300-066413.
Wit
JM
, Clayton
PE
, Rogol
AD
, Savage
MO
, Saenger
PH
, Cohen
P
. Idiopathic short stature: definition, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation
. Growth Horm IGF Res
. 2008
Apr
;18
(2
):89
–110
.
[PubMed]
1096-637414.
Poyrazoğlu
S
, Günöz
H
, Darendeliler
F
, Saka
N
, Bundak
R
, Baş
F
. Constitutional delay of growth and puberty: from presentation to final height
. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab
. 2005
Feb
;18
(2
):171
–9
.
[PubMed]
0334-018X15.
Rogol
AD
, Hayden
GF
. Etiologies and early diagnosis of short stature and growth failure in children and adolescents
. J Pediatr
. 2014
May
;164
(5
Suppl
):S1
–14.e6
.
[PubMed]
0022-347616.
Argente
J
. Challenges in the Management of Short Stature
. Horm Res Paediatr
. 2016
;85
(1
):2
–10
.
[PubMed]
1663-281817.
Du Caju
MV
, Op De Beeck
L
, Sys
SU
, Hagendorens
MM
, Rooman
RP
. Progressive deceleration in growth as an early sign of delayed puberty in boys
. Horm Res
. 2000
;54
(3
):126
–30
.
[PubMed]
0301-016318.
Tarım
O
. Height predictions by Bayley-Pinneau method may misguide pediatric endocrinologists
. Turk J Pediatr
. 2013
Sep-Oct
;55
(5
):485
–92
.
[PubMed]
0041-430119.
Diagnostik des Wachstumshormonmangels im Kindes- und Jugendalter
. https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/174-002k_S2e_Wachstumshormonmangel_Diagnostik_Kinder_Jugendliche_2014-10.pdf. 2018
. Ref Type: Electronic Citation20.
Marshall
WA
, Tanner
JM
. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys
. Arch Dis Child
. 1970
Feb
;45
(239
):13
–23
.
[PubMed]
0003-988821.
Boehm
U
, Bouloux
PM
, Dattani
MT
, de Roux
N
, Dodé
C
, Dunkel
L
, et al. Expert consensus document: european Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism—pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
. Nat Rev Endocrinol
. 2015
Sep
;11
(9
):547
–64
.
[PubMed]
1759-502922.
Palmert
MR
, Dunkel
L
. Clinical practice. Delayed puberty
. N Engl J Med
. 2012
Feb
;366
(5
):443
–53
.
[PubMed]
0028-479323.
Tanner
JM
. Growth regulation and the genetics of growth
. Prog Clin Biol Res
. 1985
;200
:19
–32
.
[PubMed]
0361-774224.
Reinehr
T
, Gueldensupp
M
, Wunsch
R
, Bramswig
JH
. Treatment of tall stature in boys: comparison of two different treatment regimens
. Horm Res Paediatr
. 2011
;76
(5
):343
–7
.
[PubMed]
1663-281825.
Rosario
AS
, Schienkiewitz
A
, Neuhauser
H
. German height references for children aged 0 to under 18 years compared to WHO and CDC growth charts
. Ann Hum Biol
. 2011
Mar
;38
(2
):121
–30
.
[PubMed]
0301-446026.
Blethen
SL
, Gaines
S
, Weldon
V
. Comparison of predicted and adult heights in short boys: effect of androgen therapy
. Pediatr Res
. 1984
May
;18
(5
):467
–9
.
[PubMed]
0031-399827.
LaFranchi
S
, Hanna
CE
, Mandel
SH
. Constitutional delay of growth: expected versus final adult height
. Pediatrics
. 1991
Jan
;87
(1
):82
–7
.
[PubMed]
0031-400528.
Rohani
F
, Alai
MR
, Moradi
S
, Amirkashani
D
. Evaluation of near final height in boys with constitutional delay in growth and puberty
. Endocr Connect
. 2018
Mar
;7
(3
):456
–9
.
[PubMed]
2049-361429.
Arrigo
T
, Cisternino
M
, Luca De
F
, Saggese
G
, Messina
MF
, Pasquino
AM
, et al. Final height outcome in both untreated and testosterone-treated boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty
. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab
. 1996
Sep-Oct
;9
(5
):511
–7
.
[PubMed]
0334-018X30.
Kelly
A
, Winer
KK
, Kalkwarf
H
, Oberfield
SE
, Lappe
J
, Gilsanz
V
, et al. Age-based reference ranges for annual height velocity in US children
. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
. 2014
Jun
;99
(6
):2104
–12
.
[PubMed]
0021-972X31.
van Rijn
RR
, Lequin
MH
, Robben
SG
, Hop
WC
, van Kuijk
C
. Is the Greulich and Pyle atlas still valid for Dutch Caucasian children today?
Pediatr Radiol
. 2001
Oct
;31
(10
):748
–52
.
[PubMed]
0301-044932.
Albanese
A
, Stanhope
R
. Predictive factors in the determination of final height in boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty
. J Pediatr
. 1995
Apr
;126
(4
):545
–50
.
[PubMed]
0022-347633.
Bull
RK
, Edwards
PD
, Kemp
PM
, Fry
S
, Hughes
IA
. Bone age assessment: a large scale comparison of the Greulich and Pyle, and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2) methods
. Arch Dis Child
. 1999
Aug
;81
(2
):172
–3
.
[PubMed]
0003-988834.
Jeong
SW
, Cho
JH
, Jung
HW
, Shim
KS
. Near final height in Korean children referred for evaluation of short stature: clinical utility and analytical validity of height prediction methods
. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab
. 2018
Mar
;23
(1
):28
–32
.
[PubMed]
2287-1012© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel
2019
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
