Aim: To examine the view of young adults and their parents on growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment in adolescence for idiopathic short stature (ISS) or short stature born small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: Thirty young adults with ISS or SGA (18 treated, 12 untreated; age 17–23 years; 5.5 years after treatment) completed questionnaires and they and their parents were interviewed. Results: Self-perceived current psychosocial functioning did not differ between the treated and untreated young adults, but several treated participants perceived psychosocial problems during adolescence. Most treated participants would have chosen again to receive hormone treatment, but they mentioned disadvantages of the treatment and were, as well as untreated participants, reticent upon recommending hormone treatment to others. Conclusion: GH/GnRHa treatment did not appear to have adverse long-term psychosocial consequences and the participants were glad to have taken the opportunity to receive hormone treatment. However, the treated group mentioned several disadvantages of the treatment and perceived some height-related psychosocial problems during adolescence. In considering hormone treatment, the positive as well as the negative aspects of the treatment as perceived by the participants are to be taken into consideration.

1.
Sandberg DE, Colsman M: Growth hormone treatment of short stature: status of the quality of life rationale. Horm Res 2005;63:275–283.
2.
Bolt LL, Mul D: Growth hormone in short children: beyond medicine? Acta Paediatr 2001;90:69–73.
3.
Macklin R: Ethical dilemmas in pediatric endocrinology: growth hormone for short normal children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13(suppl 6):1349–1352.
4.
Visser-van Balen H, Sinnema G, Geenen R: Growing up with idiopathic short stature: psychosocial development and hormone treatment: a critical review. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:433–439.
5.
Hindmarsh PC, Dattani MT: Use of growth hormone in children. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006;2:260–268.
6.
Noeker M, Haverkamp F: Adjustment in conditions with short stature: a conceptual framework. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13:1585–1594.
7.
Visser-van Balen H, Geenen R, Moerbeek M, Stroop R, Kamp GA, Huisman J, Wit JM, Sinnema G: Psychosocial functioning of adolescents with idiopathic short stature or persistent short stature born small for gestational age during three years of combined growth hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment. Horm Res 2005;64:77–87.
8.
Kaplowitz PB: Editorial: If Gonadotropin-releasing hormone plus growth hormone (GH) really improves growth outcomes in short non-GH-deficient children, then what? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2965–2968.
9.
Visser-van Balen H, Geenen R, Kamp GA, Huisman J, Wit JM, Sinnema G: Motives for choosing growth-enhancing hormone treatment in adolescents with idiopathic short stature: a questionnaire and structured interview study. BMC Pediatr 2005;5:15.
10.
Visser-van Balen H, Geenen R, Kamp GA, Huisman J, Wit JM, Sinnema G: Long-term psychosocial consequences of hormone treatment for short stature. Acta Paediatr 2007; in press.
11.
Ford S, Schofield T, Hope T: What are the ingredients for a successful evidence-based patient choice consultation? A qualitative study. Soc Sci Med 2003;56:589–602.
12.
Harden A, Garcia J, Oliver S, Rees R, Shepherd J, Brunton G, Oakley A: Applying systematic review methods to studies of people’s views: an example from public health research. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004;58:794–800.
13.
Bensing J: Bridging the gap. The separate worlds of evidence-based medicine and patient-centered medicine. Patient Educ Couns 2000;39:17–25.
14.
Singh J, Cuttler L, Shin M, Silvers JB, Neuhauser D: Medical decision-making and the patient: understanding preference patterns for growth hormone therapy using conjoint analysis. Med Care 1998;36:AS31–45.
15.
Van Gool SA, Kamp GA, Visser-van Balen H, Mul D, Waelkens JJ, Jansen M, Verhoeven-Wind L, Delemarre-Van de Waal HA, De Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Leusink G, Roos JC, Wit JM: Final height outcome following 3 years of growth hormone and gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment in short adolescents with relatively early puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; in press.
16.
Ranke MB: Towards a consensus on the definition of idiopathic short stature. Horm Res 1996;45(suppl 2):64–66.
17.
Chatelain P: Children born with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) or small for gestational age (SGA): long term growth and metabolic consequences. Endocr Regul 2000;34:33–36.
18.
Kamp GA, Mul D, Waelkens JJ, Jansen M, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Verhoeven-Wind L, Frolich M, Oostdijk W, Wit JM: A randomized controlled trial of three years growth hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in children with idiopathic short stature and intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2969–2975.
19.
Hardt J, Rutter M: Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004;45:260–273.
20.
Manusco CA, Charlson ME: Does recollection error threaten the validity of cross-sectional studies of effectiveness? Med Care 1995;33:77–88.
21.
Aseltine RH, Carlson KJ, Fowler FJ, Barry MJ: Comparing prospective and retrospective measurements of treatment outcomes. Med Care 1995;33:67–76.
22.
Ross M: Relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. Psychol Rev 1989;96:341–357.
23.
Schmitt J, Di Fabio RP: The validity of prospective and retrospective global change criterion measures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:2270–2276.
24.
Festinger L: A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, Row, Peterson, 1957.
25.
Schacter DL, Chiao JY, Mitchell JP: The seven sins of memory, implications for self. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;1001:226–239.
26.
Van Overwalle F, Jordens K: An adaptive connectionist model of cognitive dissonance. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2002;6:204–231.
27.
Voss LD, Sandberg DE: The psychological burden of short stature: evidence against. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151(suppl 1):S29–33.
28.
Haverkamp F, Eiholzer U, Ranke MB, Noeker M: Symptomatic versus substitution growth hormone therapy in short children: from auxology towards a comprehensive multidimensional assessment of short stature and related interventions. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13:403–408.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.