The purpose of this article is to elaborate and extend some of Baldwin’s and Piaget’s ideas concerning the self-teaching functions of imitation and circular reactions. It is argued that circular reactions are evolved means for self-induced cognitive construction and that imitation is an evolved means for self-and other-induced cognitive construction. Comparative data on the taxonomic distribution of imitation and circular reactions in monkeys and apes suggest that these means for cognitive construction are rare among primates and must have evolved first in the common ancestor of great apes and humans.

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