...Elisabeth Oberzaucher; Karl Grammer The evolutionary constraints that lead to the evolution of sexual reproduction are framed by the better repair mechanisms that repair fatal mutations, as well as the need for variable immune systems imposed on large organisms by parasites, such as viruses...

...Richard L. Bowen; Craig S. Atwood A mechanistic understanding of aging has yet to be described; this paper puts forth a new theory that has the potential to explain aging in all sexually reproductive life forms. The theory also puts forth a new definition of aging – any change in an organism over...

...A. Black; M.A. Lane Background: Bone loss, osteoarthritis (OA) and age-related changes in reproduction are some of the most apparent and troubling results of advancing age in the human population. The significance of these changes underscores the need for developing appropriate animal models...