Background: People aged 50 years and older are regularly identified as the most sedentary group in the population. However, even within this group, there are considerable interindividual variations in physical activity (PA) levels. They have been the subject of many studies. Based on single studies, no clear picture as to which characteristics are important has emerged. Objective: The goal of our contribution was to identify which individual characteristics are consistently linked to high PA levels in older adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature considering demographic characteristics (gender, education, marital status, employment), health (subjective, health problems), and psychological factors (motivation, self-efficacy, locus of control). A systematic search of abstracts in the database Web of Science and a thorough screening process according to a priori specified criteria yielded 63 studies for inclusion in this review. Results: Two psychological factors - motivation and self-efficacy - and the perception of one's health seem to be consistently linked to higher PA levels in older adults. Selected demographic variables - gender and education - may be important for some types of PA. Conclusion: Our review suggests that differentiation of PA by domains is important for identifying and understanding which individual characteristics are associated with PA levels and how. Pinpointing what reliably distinguishes older adults who are active from those who are not is essential for designing effective interventions to promote PA in later life.

Keywords:
Aging, Individual characteristics, Demographics, Self-efficacy, Motivation, Locus of control, Health, Physical activity
1.
American College of Sports Medicine, Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, Skinner JS: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:1510-1530.
2.
O'Donovan G, Blazevich AJ, Boreham C, Cooper AR, Crank H, Ekelund U, Fox KR, Gately P, Giles-Corti B, Gill JMR, Hamer M, McDermott I, Murphy M, Mutrie N, Reilly JJ, Saxton JM, Stamatakis E: The ABC of Physical Activity for Health: a consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. J Sports Sci 2010;28:573-591.
3.
Langsetmo L, Hitchcock C, Kingwell EJ, Davison KS, Berger C, Forsmo S, Zhou W, Kreiger N, Prior JC: Physical activity, body mass index and bone mineral density - associations in a prospective population-based cohort of women and men: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Bone 2012;50:401-408.
4.
Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF: Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci 2003;14:125-130.
5.
Withall J, Stathi A, Davis M, Coulson J, Thompson JL, Fox KR: Objective physical activity and sedentary time and associations with subjective well-being in adults aged 70 and over. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11:643-656.
6.
Studenski S, Faulkner K, Inzitari M, Brach J, Chandler J, Cawthon P, Connor EB, Nevitt M, Visser M, Kritchevsky S, Badinelli S, Harris T, Newman AB, Cauley J, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J: Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA 2011;305:50-58.
7.
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT; Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group: Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012;380:219-229.
8.
Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM: Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep 1985;100:126-131.
9.
Morris JN, Hardman AE: Walking to health. Sports Med 1997;23:306-332.
10.
Marshall SJ, Levy SS, Tudor-Locke CE, Kolkhorst FW, Wooten KM, Ji M, Macera CA, Ainsworth BE: Translating physical activity recommendations into a pedometer-based step goal: 3000 steps in 30 minutes. Am J Prev Med 2009;36:410-415.
11.
World Health Organization: Global recommendations on physical activity for health. 2010. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44399/1/9789241599979_eng.pdf.
12.
Sun F, Norman IJ, While AE: Physical activity in older people: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013;13:449.
13.
Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U; Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group: Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012;380:247-257.
14.
European Commission: Special Eurobarometer 412: Sport and Physical Activity. 2014. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_412_en.pdf.
15.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Vital signs: walking among adults - United States, 2005 and 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:595-601.
16.
Sallis JF, Owen N: Physical Activity and Behavioral Medicine. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, 1999, pp 110-134.
17.
Trost SG, Owen N, Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Brown W: Correlates of adults' participation in physical activity: review and update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:1996-2001.
18.
Peclová J, Frömel K, Cuberek R: Gender-specific associations between perceived neighborhood walkability and meeting walking recommendations when walking for transport and recreation for Czech inhabitants over 50 years of age. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2014;11:527-536.
19.
Martin KA, Sinden AR: Who will stay and who will go? A review of older adults' adherence to randomized controlled trials of exercise. J Aging Phys Act 2001;9:91-114.
20.
Van Stralen MM, de Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L: Determinants of initiation and maintenance of physical activity among older adults: a literature review. Health Psychol Rev 2009;3:147-207.
21.
Koeneman MA, Verheijden MW, Chinapaw MJ, Hopman-Rock M: Determinants of physical activity and exercise in healthy older adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:142.
22.
Ajzen I: The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 1991;50:179-211.
23.
Deci EL, Ryan RM: Self-determination theory: a macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Can Psychol 2008;49:182.
24.
Bandura A: Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Annu Rev Psychol 2001;52:1-26.
25.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:264-269, W64.
27.
Baranowski T, Masse LC, Ragan B, Welk G: How many days was that? We're still not sure, but we're asking the question better! Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40(7 suppl):S544-S549.
28.
Matthews CE, Hagströmer M, Pober DM, Bowles HR: Best practices for using physical activity monitors in population-based research. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44(1 suppl 1):S68-S76.
29.
Ainsworth BE, Caspersen CJ, Matthews CE, Mâsse LC, Baranowski T, Zhu W: Recommendations to improve the accuracy of estimates of physical activity derived from self report. J Phys Act Health 2012;9(suppl 1): S76-S84.
30.
Landis JR, Koch GG: The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977;33:159-174.
31.
McHugh ML: Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2012;22:276-282.
32.
APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards: Reporting standards for research in psychology: Why do we need them? What might they be? Am Psychol 2008;63:839-851.
33.
Arcury TA, Snively BM, Bell RA, Smith SL, Stafford JM, Wetmore-Arkader LK, Quandt SA: Physical activity among rural older adults with diabetes. J Rural Health 2006;22:164-168.
34.
Berger U, Der G, Mutrie N, Hannah MK: The impact of retirement on physical activity. Ageing Soc 2005;25:181-195.
35.
Biernat E, Tomaszewski P: Socio-demographic and leisure activity determinants of physical activity of working Warsaw residents aged 60 to 69 years. J Hum Kinet 2011;30:173-181.
36.
Cerin E, Cain KL, Oyeyemi A, Owen N, Conway TL, Cochrane T, van Dyck D, Schipperijn J, Mitaš J, Toftager M, Aguinaga-Ontoso I, Sallis JF: Correlates of agreement between accelerometry and self-reported physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016;48:1075-1084.
37.
Bird SR, Radermacher H, Sims J, Feldman S, Browning C, Thomas S: Factors affecting walking activity of older people from culturally diverse groups: an Australian experience. J Sci Med Sport 2010;13:417-423.
38.
Black SV, Cooper R, Martin KR, Brage S, Kuh D, Stafford M: Physical activity and mental well-being in a cohort aged 60-64 years. Am J Prev Med 2015;49:172-180.
39.
Wareham NJ, Jakes RW, Rennie KL, Mitchell J, Hennings S, Day NE: Validity and repeatability of the EPIC-Norfolk Physical Activity Questionnaire. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:168-174.
40.
Casado-Pérez C, Hernández-Barrera V, Jiménez-García R, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Carrasco-Garrido P, López-de-Andrés A, Palacios-Ceña D: Time trends in leisure time physical activity and physical fitness in the elderly: five-year follow-up of the Spanish National Health Survey (2006-2011). Maturitas 2015;80:391-398.
41.
Chen KM, Lin MH, Wang YC, Huang HT, Li CH: A model-based survey of physical health in community-dwelling older adults. J Nurs Res 2012;20:239-248.
42.
Conn VS, Burks KJ, Pomeroy SL, Cochran JE: Are there different predictors of distinct exercise components? Rehabil Nurs 2003;28:87-91, 97.
43.
Baecke J, Burema J, Frijters J: A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36:936-942.
44.
Danon-Hersch N, Santos-Eggimann B: Physical activity in daily life is associated with lower adiposity values than doing weekly sports in Lc65+ cohort at baseline. BMC Public Health 2013;13:1175.
45.
Sequeira MM, Rickenbach M, Wietlisbach V, Tullen B, Schutz Y: Physical activity assessment using a pedometer and its comparison with a questionnaire in a large population survey. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:989-999.
46.
Wietlisbach V, Paccaud F, Rickenbach M, Gutzwiller F: Trends in cardiovascular risk factors (1984-1993) in a Swiss region: results of three population surveys. Prev Med 1997;26:523-533.
47.
de Souto Barreto P: Construct and convergent validity and repeatability of the Questionnaire d'Activité Physique pour les Personnes Âgées (QAPPA), a physical activity questionnaire for the elderly. Public Health 2013;127:844-853.
48.
Barreto PS, Ferrandez AM, Saliba-Serre B: Validation of the QAPPA, a new tool for assessing physical activity among French-speaking elderly. Sci Sports 2011;26:11-18.
49.
Egerton T, Chastin SF, Stensvold D, Helbostad JL: Fatigue may contribute to reduced physical activity among older people: an observational study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016;71:670-676.
50.
Ferreira MT, Matsudo SM, Ribeiro MC, Ramos LR: Health-related factors correlate with behavior trends in physical activity level in old age: longitudinal results from a population in São Paulo, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2010;10:690.
51.
Gao J, Fu H, Li J, Jia Y: Association between social and built environments and leisure-time physical activity among Chinese older adults - a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1317.
52.
Macfarlane D, Chan A, Cerin E: Examining the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, long form (IPAQ-LC). Public Health Nutr 2011;14:443-450.
53.
Giuli C, Papa R, Mocchegiani E, Marcellini F: Predictors of participation in physical activity for community-dwelling elderly Italians. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012;54:50-54.
54.
Marcellini F, Giuli C, Papa R, Gagliardi C, Malavolta M, Mocchegiani E: BMI, life-style and psychological conditions in a sample of elderly Italian men and women. J Nutr Health Aging 2010;14:515-522.
55.
Grant-Savela SD: Active living among older residents of a rural naturally occurring retirement community. J Appl Gerontol 2010;29:531-553.
56.
New England Research Institutes: PASE physical activity scale for the elderly: administration and scoring instruction manual. Watertown, New England Research Institutes, 1991.
57.
Grimby A, Johansson AK, Sundh V, Grimby G: Walking habits in elderly widows. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2008;25:81-87.
58.
Herbolsheimer F, Schaap LA, Edwards MH, Maggi S, Otero Á, Timmermans EJ, Denkinger MD, van der Pas S, Dekker J, Cooper C, Dennison EM, van Schoor NM, Peter R; Eposa Study Group: Physical activity patterns among older adults with and without knee osteoarthritis in six European countries. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016;68:228-236.
59.
Hirakawa Y, Kimata T, Uemura K: Factors associated with self-rated health in the rural population: age- and gender-specific analysis. J Rural Med 2013;82:222-227.
60.
Hirvensalo M, Lampinen P, Rantanen T: Physical exercise in old age: an eight-year follow-up study on involvement, motives, and obstacles among persons age 65-84. J Aging Phys Act 1998;6:157-168.
61.
Hughes JP, McDowell MA, Brody DJ: Leisure-time physical activity among US adults 60 or more years of age: results from NHANES 1999-2004. J Phys Act Health 2008;5:347-358.
62.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/questexamO3_O4.htm.
63.
Huisingh-Scheetz M, Kocherginsky M, Schumm PL, Engelman M, McClintock MK, Dale W, Waite L: Geriatric syndromes and functional status in NSHAP: rationale, measurement, and preliminary findings. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014;69(suppl 2): S177-S190.
64.
Ismail N, Hairi F, Choo WY, Hairi NN, Peramalah D, Bulgiba A: The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): validity and reliability among community-dwelling older adults in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health 2015;27:62-72.
65.
Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA: The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:153-162.
66.
Jerome GJ, Glass TA, Mielke M, Xue QL, Andersen RE, Fried LP: Physical activity participation by presence and type of functional deficits in older women: the Women's Health and Aging Studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61:1171-1176.
67.
Folsom AR, Jacobs DR Jr, Caspersen CJ, Gomez-Marin O, Knudsen J: Test-retest reliability of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. J Chronic Dis 1986;39:505-511.
68.
Taylor HL, Jacobs DR Jr, Schucker B, Knudsen J, Leon AS, Debacker G: A questionnaire for the assessment of leisure time physical activities. J Chronic Dis 1978;31:741-755.
69.
Johansson J, Nordström A, Nordström P: Greater fall risk in elderly women than in men is associated with increased gait variability during multitasking. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016;17:535-540.
70.
Kahana E, Kahana B, Zhang J: Motivational antecedents of preventive proactivity in late life: linking future orientation and exercise. Motiv Emot 2005;29:443-464.
71.
Kaur J, Kaur G, Ho BK, Yao WK, Salleh M, Lim KH: Predictors of physical inactivity among elderly Malaysians: recommendations for policy planning. Asia Pac J Public Health 2015;27:314-322.
72.
World Health Organization: The WHO STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS). 2016. http://www.who.int/chp/steps/instrument/STEPS_Instrument_V3.1.pdf?ua=1.
73.
Kendig H, Browning C, Teshuva K: Health actions and social class among older Australians. Aust N Z J Public Health 1998;22:808-813.
74.
Risk Factor Prevalence Management Committee: Risk-Factor Prevalence Study. Canberra, National Heart Foundation of Australia, 1990.
75.
Kerr J, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Cain KL, Conway TL, Frank LD, King AC: Outdoor physical activity and self rated health in older adults living in two regions of the U.S. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012;9:89.
76.
Lawlor DA, Taylor M, Bedford C, Ebrahim S: Is housework good for health? Levels of physical activity and factors associated with activity in elderly women. Results from the British Women's Heart and Health Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002;56:473-478.
77.
Lee YS: Gender differences in physical activity and walking among older adults. J Women Aging 2005;17:55-70.
78.
Voorrips LE, Ravelli AC, Dongelmans PC, Deurenberg P, Van Staveren WA: A physical activity questionnaire for the elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23:974-979.
79.
Lee YS, Laffrey SC: Predictors of physical activity in older adults with borderline hypertension. Nurs Res 2006;55:110-120.
80.
Leveille SG, Cohen-Mansfield J, Guralnik JM: The impact of chronic musculoskeletal pain on exercise attitudes, self-efficacy, and physical activity. J Aging Phys Act 2003;11:275-283.
81.
Lian WM, Gan GL, Pin CH, Wee S, Ye HC: Correlates of leisure-time physical activity in an elderly population in Singapore. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1578-1580.
82.
Lim K, Taylor L: Factors associated with physical activity among older people - a population-based study. Prev Med 2005;40:33-40.
83.
Loland NW: Exercise, health, and aging. J Aging Phys Act 2004;12:170-184.
84.
Mäkilä P, Hirvensalo M, Parkatti T: Changes in physical activity involvement and attitude to physical activity in a 16-year follow-up study among the elderly. J Aging Res 2010;2010:174290.
85.
Menec VH, Chipperfield JG: Remaining active in later life: the role of locus of control in seniors' leisure activity participation, health, and life satisfaction. J Aging Health 1997;9:105-125.
86.
Merom D, Cosgrove C, Kamalesh V, Bauman A: How diverse was the leisure time physical activity of older Australians over the past decade? J Sci Med Sport 2012;15:213-219.
87.
Merom D, Bauman A, Ford I: The public health usefulness of the Exercise Recreation and Sport Survey (ERASS) surveillance system. J Sci Med Sport 2004;7:32-37.
88.
Mier N, Smith ML, Carrillo-Zuniga G, Wang X, Garza N, Ory MG: Personal and cultural influences on diabetes self-care behaviors among older Hispanics born in the U.S. and Mexico. J Immigr Minor Health 2012;14:1052-1062.
89.
Moschny A, Platen P, Klaassen-Mielke R, Trampisch U, Hinrichs T: Physical activity patterns in older men and women in Germany: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2011;11:559.
90.
Trampisch U, Platen P, Burghaus I, Moschny A, Wilm S, Thiem U, Hinrichs T: Reliability of the PRISCUS-PAQ. Questionnaire to assess physical activity of persons aged 70 years and older (in German). Z Gerontol Geriatr 2010;43:399-406.
91.
Murphy MH, Donnelly P, Breslin G, Shibli S, Nevill AM: Does doing housework keep you healthy? The contribution of domestic physical activity to meeting current recommendations for health. BMC Public Health 2013;13:966.
92.
Mynarski W, Rozpara M, Nawrocka A, Borek Z, Powerska A, Garbaciak W: Physical activity of middle-age adults aged 50-65 years in view of health recommendations. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2014;11:141-147.
93.
Palacios-Ceña D, Alonso-Blanco C, Jiménez-Garcia R, Hernández-Barrera V, Carrasco-Garrido P, Pileño-Martinez E, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C: Time trends in leisure time physical activity and physical fitness in elderly people: 20 year follow-up of the Spanish population national health survey (1987-2006). BMC Public Health 2011;11:799.
94.
Persson A, While A: Physical activity among older people and related factors. Health Educ J 2011;71:144-153.
95.
Reigal R, Videra A: Frequency of physical activity and self-efficacy in the elderly. Rev Int Med Cienc Act Fis Deporte 2013;13:107-120.
96.
Resnick B: Functional performance and exercise of older adults in long-term care settings. J Gerontol Nurs 2000;26:7-16.
97.
Resnick B: Testing a model of overall activity in older adults. J Aging Phys Act 2001;9:142-160.
98.
DiPietro L, Caspersen C, Ostfeld A, Nadel E: A survey for assessing physical activity among older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:628-642.
99.
Resnick B, Orwig D, Hawkes W, Shardell M, Golden J, Werner M, Magaziner J: The relationship between psychosocial state and exercise behavior of older women 2 months after hip fracture. Rehabil Nurs 2007;32:139-149.
100.
Rowinski R, Dabrowski A, Kostka T: Gardening as the dominant leisure time physical activity (LTPA) of older adults from a post-communist country. The results of the population-based PolSenior Project from Poland. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015;60:486-491.
101.
Schüz B, Wurm S, Warner LM, Wolff JK, Schwarzer R: Health motives and health behaviour self-regulation in older adults. J Behav Med 2014;37:491-500.
102.
Shemesh AA, Rasooly I, Horowitz P, Lemberger J, Ben-Moshe Y, Kachal J, Rosenberg E: Health behaviors and their determinants in multiethnic, active Israeli seniors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2008;47:63-77.
103.
Simsek H, Doganay S, Budak R, Ucku R: Relationship of socioeconomic status with health behaviors and self-perceived health in the elderly: a community-based study, Turkey. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014;14:960-968.
104.
Siqueira FV, Augusto LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Hallal PC: Leisure-time physical activity among adult and elderly individuals in Brazil: a countrywide analysis. J Phys Act Health 2011;8:891-897.
105.
Sjögren K, Stjernberg L: A gender perspective on factors that influence outdoor recreational physical activity among the elderly. BMC Geriatrics 2010;10:34.
106.
Snodgrass JJ, Liebert MA, Cepon-Robins TJ, Barrett TM, Mathur A, Chatterji S, Kowal P: Accelerometer-measured physical activity among older adults in urban India: results of a study on global ageing and adult health substudy. Am J Hum Biol 2016;28:412-420.
107.
Stephan Y, Boiche J, Trouilloud D, Deroche T, Sarrazin P: The relation between risk perceptions and physical activity among older adults: a prospective study. Psychol Health 2011;26:887-897.
108.
Godin G, Shephard R: A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1985;10:141-146.
109.
Vuillemin A, Oppert JM, Guillemin L, Essermeant AM, Fontvieille P, Galan A, Kriska LM, Hercberg S: Self-administered questionnaire compared with interview to assess past-year physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:1119-1124.
110.
Stuart CL, Marret J, Kelley GA, Nelson R: Predictors of physical activity in older adults in an independent living retirement community. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2002;11:160-162, 191.
111.
Walsh JM, Pressman AR, Cauley JA, Browner WS: Predictors of physical activity in community-dwelling elderly white women. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:721-727.
112.
Wister AV: The effects of socioeconomic status on exercise and smoking: age-related differences. J Aging Health 1996;8:467-488.
113.
Statistics Canada: Health Promotion Survey (HPS). 2007. http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3828.
114.
Wolinsky FD, Stump TE, Clark DO: Antecedents and consequences of physical activity and exercise among older adults. Gerontologist 1995;35:451-462.
115.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Health Interview Survey. 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/.
116.
Yasunaga A, Park H, Watanabe E, Togo F, Park S, Shephard RJ, Aoyagi Y: Development and evaluation of the physical activity questionnaire for elderly Japanese: the Nakanojo study. J Aging Phys Act 2007;15:398-411.
117.
Yusuf HR, Croft JB, Giles WH, Anda RF, Casper ML, Caspersen CJ, Jones DA: Leisure-time physical activity among older adults. United States, 1990. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:1321-1326.
118.
Piani A, Schoenborn CA: Health promotion and disease prevention: United States, 1990. Vital Health Stat 10 1993;185:1-88.
119.
Zhao G, Ford ES, Li C, Balluz LS: Physical activity in US older adults with diabetes mellitus: prevalence and correlates of meeting physical activity recommendations. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:132-137.
120.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/.
121.
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB: Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000;283:2008-2012.
122.
Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative: The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 2007;370:1453-1457.
123.
Allen MS, Walter EE, McDermott MS: Personality and sedentary behavior: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol 2017;36:255-263.
124.
Brewer NT, DeFrank JT, Gilkey MB: Anticipated regret and health behavior: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol 2016;35:1264-1275.
© 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel
2017
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.