The behavior of the Central African Kinda baboon (Papio kindae) is not well documented. Having previously noted distinctive grooming behavior in several Kinda baboon populations, we investigated the topic more systematically in the Kafue National Park, Zambia. We recorded the duration and details of male-female dyadic interactions (approaches, withdrawals and time spent grooming) in the early morning and late afternoon. Such interactions were more often initiated by the male and terminated by the female partner. The male groomed the female more often, and longer, than she groomed him, regardless of the female's reproductive state or the presence of an infant. The bias towards male grooming was stronger in morning than evening interactions. These behaviors, whose function is not immediately obvious, and which are unlike those previously reported in baboons, further exemplify the distinctiveness of the taxon.

Keywords:
Kinda baboon, Papio kindae, Grooming, Mixed-sex dyad
1.
Altmann J (1980). Baboon Mothers and Infants. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
2.
Barrett L, Henzi SP (2001). The utility of grooming to baboon troops. In Economics in Nature: Social Dilemmas, Mate Choice and Biological Markets (Noë R, Hammerstein P, van Hooff JARAM, eds.), pp 119-145. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
3.
Barrett L, Henzi SP, Weingrill T, Lycett JE, Hill RA (1999). Market forces predict grooming reciprocity in female baboons. Proceedings of the Royal Society of LondonSeries B 266: 665-670.
4.
Burrell AS (2009). Phylogenetics and Population Genetics of Central African Baboons. PhD dissertation, New York University.
5.
Burrell AS, Jolly CJ, Phillips-Conroy JE, Rogers J, Disotell TR (2013). Kinda baboons in paleogeographic perspective. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150(suppl 56): 91.
6.
Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM (2007). Baboon Metaphysics: The Evolution of a Social Mind. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
7.
Cooper MA, Bernstein IS (2000). Social grooming in Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis). American Journal of Primatology 50: 77-85.
8.
Cotterill FPD (2003). Geomorphological influences on vicariant evolution in some African mammals in the Zambezi basin: some lessons for conservation. In Ecology and Conservation of Small Antelope: Proceedings of an International Symposium on Duiker and Dwarf Antelope in Afrika (Plowman A, ed.), pp 11-58. Fürth, Filander.
9.
Di Fiore A, Rendall D (1994). Evolution of social organization: a reappraisal for primates by using phylogenetic methods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91: 9941-8845.
10.
Frost SR, Marcus LF, Bookstein FL, Reddy DP, Delson E (2003). Cranial allometry, phylogeography, and systematics of large-bodied papionins (Primates: Cercopithecinae) inferred from geometric morphometric analysis of landmark data. Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology 275: 1048-1072.
11.
Goosen C (1987). Social grooming in primates. In Comparative Primate Biology (Mitchell G, Erwin J, eds.), vol 2, part B, pp 107-131. New York, Liss.
12.
Gouzoules S, Gouzoules H (1987). Kinship. In Primate Societies (Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, eds.), pp 299-305. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
13.
Grubb P, Butynski TM, Oates JF, Bearder SK, Disotell TR, Groves CP, Struhsaker TT (2003). Assessment of the diversity of African primates. International Journal of Primatology 24: 1301-1357.
14.
Gumert MD (2007). Payment for sex in a macaque mating market. Animal Behaviour 74: 1655-1667.
15.
Henzi SP, Barrett L (2002). Infants as a commodity in a baboon market. Animal Behaviour 63: 915-921.
16.
Henzi SP, Barrett L (2005). The historical socioecology of savanna baboons (Papio hamadryas). Journal of Zoology 265: 215-226.
17.
Hinde RA, Atkinson S (1970). Assessing the roles of social partners in maintaining mutual proximity, as exemplified by other infant relations in rhesus monkeys. Animal Behaviour 18: 169-176.
18.
Huchard E, Alvergne A, Fejan D, Knapp LA, Cowlishaw G, Raymond M (2010). More than friends? Behavioural and genetic aspects of heterosexual associations in wild chacma baboons. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 64: 769-781.
19.
Jolly CJ, Phillips-Conroy JE (2005). ‘White babies' and the zone of contact and probable intergradation among three distinct baboon allotaxa in the Luangwa valley, Zambia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40: 123.
20.
Kingdon J (1997). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. San Diego, Academic Press.
21.
Knollová I, Chytrý M, Tichý L, Hájek O (2005). Stratified resampling of phytosociological databases: some strategies for obtaining more representative data sets for classification studies. Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 363-372.
22.
Lehmann J, Korstjens AH, Dunbar RIM (2007). Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates. Animal Behaviour 74: 1617-1629.
23.
Lemasson A, Palombit RA, Jubin R (2008). Friendships between males and lactating females in a free-ranging group of olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis): evidence from playback experiments. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62: 1027-1035.
24.
Manson JH (1995). Do female rhesus macaques choose novel males? American Journal of Primatology 37: 285-296.
25.
Moscovice LR, Heesen M, Di Fiore A, Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL (2009). Paternity alone does not predict long-term investment in juveniles by male baboons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63: 1471-1482.
26.
Nagel U (1973). A comparison of anubis baboons, hamadryas baboons and their hybrids at a species border in Ethiopia. Folia Primatologica 19: 104-165.
27.
Nguyen N, Van Horn RC, Alberts SC, Altmann J (2009). ‘Friendships' between new mothers and adult males: adaptive benefits and determinants in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63: 1331-1344.
28.
Nicolson NA (1987). Infants, mothers and other females. In Primate Societies (Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, eds.), pp 330-342. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
29.
Norton GW, Rhine RJ, Wynn GW, Wynn RD (1987). Baboon diet: a five-year study of stability and variability in the plant feeding and habitat of the yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Folia Primatologica 48: 78-120.
30.
Palombit RA (2000). Infanticide and the evolution of male-female bonds in animals. In Infanticide by Males and Its Implications (van Schaik CP, Janson CH, eds.), pp 239-268. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
31.
Palombit RA, Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL (1997). The adaptive value of ‘friendships' to female baboons: experimental and observational evidence. Animal Behaviour 54: 599-614.
32.
Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ, Burrell A, Rogers J, Weyher AH (2009a). Genetic and behavioral observations of ‘Kinda' baboons (Papio cynocephalus kindae) in Zambia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138(suppl 48): 211.
33.
Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ, Weyher AH (2009b). Observations of ‘Kinda' baboons (Papio cynocephalus kindae) in Zambia: adult males as the active partner in male-female grooming dyads. American Journal of Primatology 71(suppl 1): 65.
34.
R Core Team (2012). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/.
35.
Schino G (2001). Grooming, competition and social rank among female primates: a meta-analysis. Animal Behaviour 62: 265-271.
36.
Shur MD (2009). Hormones Associated with Friendship between Adult Male and Lactating Female Olive Baboons, Papio hamadryas anubis. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University.
37.
Silk JB (2002). Females, food, family, and friendship. Evolutionary Anthropology 11: 85-87.
38.
Silk JB, Alberts SC, Altmann J (2006a). Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus). II. Variation in the quality and stability of social bonds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61: 197-204.
39.
Silk JB, Altmann J, Alberts SC (2006b). Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus). I. Variation in the strength of social bonds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61: 183-195.
40.
Smuts BB (1985). Sex and Friendship in Baboons. New York, Aldine.
41.
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ, eds. (2012). Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, 4th ed. New York, Freeman & Co.
42.
Strum SC (1975). Life with the Pumphouse Gang: New insights into baboon behavior. National Geographic Magazine 147: 673-691.
43.
Strum SC (1987). Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
44.
Swedell L (2006). Strategies of Sex and Survival in Hamadryas Baboons: Through a Female Lens. Upper Saddle River, Pearson Prentice Hall.
45.
Takahata Y (1982). Social relations between adult males and females of Japanese monkeys in the Arashiyama B troop. Primates 23: 1-23.
46.
Weingrill T (2000). Infanticide and the value of male-female relationships in mountain chacma baboons. Behaviour 137: 337-359.
47.
Zinner D, Groeneveld LF, Keller C, Roos C (2009). Mitochondrial phylogeography of baboons (Papio spp.) - indication for introgressive hybridization? BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:83.
© 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
2014
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.