Abstract
Introduction: The Palin Parent Rating Scale (Palin PRS) is a structured questionnaire filled out by parents of children who stutter. It is designed to assess the effects of stuttering on both the children and their parents. The goal of this study was to translate the Palin PRS into Persian and to evaluate its validity and reliability for application in preschool children who stutter. Methods: This research was conducted from August 2021 to December 2022, involving 139 parents of children who stutter. The parents completed the Palin PRS and provided their demographic data. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the floor and ceiling effects on all subscales of the Palin PRS. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha method, while the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to determine its test-retest reliability. An exploratory factor analysis was also performed to clarify the factor structure of the scale. Results: The exploratory factor analysis results were highly consistent with the factor structure found in the original version. No floor or ceiling effects were observed for the factors of the Palin PRS. The three factors of the Persian version of the Palin PRS (P-Palin PRS) showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha >0.8) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC >0.9). Additionally, normative scores were derived by converting raw scores into Stanine scores. Conclusion: The P-Palin PRS showed strong reliability, thereby establishing it as a suitable instrument for evaluating how parents perceive the effects of stuttering on their children and themselves. Further research may explore its application in diverse clinical settings and populations.
Journal Section:
Research Article
References
1.
Shafiei
B
, Faramarzi
S
, Abedi
A
, Dehqan
A
, Scherer
RC
. Effects of the Lidcombe program and parent-child interaction therapy on stuttering reduction in preschool children
. Folia Phoniatr Logop
. 2019
;71
(1
):29
–41
. 2.
Millard
SK
, Edwards
S
, Cook
FM
. Parent-child interaction therapy: adding to the evidence
. Int J Speech Lang Pathol
. 2009
;11
(1
):61
–76
. 3.
Druker
KC
, Mazzucchelli
TG
, Beilby
JM
. An evaluation of an integrated fluency and resilience program for early developmental stuttering disorders
. J Commun Disord
. 2019
;78
:69
–83
. 4.
Laiho
A
, Elovaara
H
, Kaisamatti
K
, Luhtalampi
K
, Talaskivi
L
, Pohja
S
, et al. Stuttering interventions for children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review as a part of clinical guidelines
. J Commun Disord
. 2022
;99
:106242
. 5.
Johnson
G
, Onslow
M
, Horton
S
, Kefalianos
E
. Psychosocial features of stuttering for school-age children: a systematic review
. Int J Lang Commun Disord
. 2023
;58
(5
):1829
–45
. 6.
Ward
D
. Risk factors and stuttering: evaluating the evidence for clinicians
. J Fluency Disord
. 2013
;38
(2
):134
–40
. 7.
Costa
JB
, Ritto
AP
, Juste
F
, Sassi
FC
, de Andrade
CRF
. Risk factors for the development of persistent stuttering: what every pediatrician should know
. Int J Environ Res Public Health
. 2022
;19
(9
):5225
. 8.
Millard
SK
, Davis
S
. The Palin parent rating scales: parents' perspectives of childhood stuttering and its impact
. J Speech Lang Hear Res
. 2016
;59
(5
):950
–63
. 9.
Onslow
M
, Kelly
EM
. Temperament and early stuttering intervention: two perspectives
. J Fluency Disord
. 2020
;64
:105765
. 10.
Obiweluozo
PE
, Ede
MO
, Onwurah
CN
, Uzodinma
UE
, Dike
IC
, Ejiofor
JN
. Impact of cognitive behavioural play therapy on social anxiety among school children with stuttering deficit: a cluster randomised trial with three months follow-up
. Medicine
. 2021
;100
(19
):e24350
. 11.
Reilly
S
, Onslow
M
, Packman
A
, Cini
E
, Conway
L
, Ukoumunne
OC
, et al. Natural history of stuttering to 4 years of age: a prospective community-based study
. Pediatrics
. 2013
;132
(3
):460
–7
. 12.
McAllister
J
. Behavioural, emotional and social development of children who stutter
. J Fluency Disord
. 2016
;50
:23
–32
. 13.
Guttormsen
LS
, Yaruss
JS
, Næss
K-AB
. Caregivers’ perceptions of stuttering impact in young children: agreement in mothers’, fathers’ and teachers’ ratings
. J Commun Disord
. 2020
;86
:106001
. 14.
Guttormsen
LS
, Yaruss
JS
, Næss
K-AB
. Parents' perceptions of the overall impact of stuttering on young children
. Am J Speech Lang Pathol
. 2021
;30
(5
):2130
–42
. 15.
Salvo
HD
, Seery
CH
. Perspectives of stuttering treatment: children, adolescents, and parents
. J Fluency Disord
. 2021
;69
:105863
. 16.
Nippold
MA
, Rudzinski
M
. Parents’ speech and children’s stuttering: a critique of the literature
. J Speech Hear Res
. 1995
;38
(5
):978
–89
. 17.
Al-Khaledi
M
, Lincoln
M
, McCabe
P
, Packman
A
, Alshatti
T
. The attitudes, knowledge and beliefs of Arab parents in Kuwait about stuttering
. J Fluency Disord
. 2009
;34
(1
):44
–59
. 18.
Humeniuk
E
, Tarkowski
Z
. Parents’ reactions to children’s stuttering and style of coping with stress
. J Fluency Disord
. 2016
;49
:51
–60
. 19.
Berquez
A
, Kelman
E
. Methods in stuttering therapy for desensitizing parents of children who stutter
. Am J Speech Lang Pathol
. 2018
;27
(3S
):1124
–38
. 20.
Mehdizadeh Behtash
M
, Mansuri
B
, Salmani
M
, Tohidast
SA
, Zarjini
R
, Scherer
RC
. Development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the caregiver burden scale for parents of children who stutter (CBS-PCWS)
. J Fluency Disord
. 2022
;73
:105921
. 21.
Singer
CM
, Kelly
EM
, White
AZ
, Zengin-Bolatkale
H
, Jones
RM
. Validation of the vanderbilt responses to your child's speech rating scale for parents of young children who stutter
. J Speech Lang Hear Res
. 2022
;65
(12
):4652
–66
. 22.
Salehpoor
A
, Latifi
Z
, Tohidast
SA
. Evaluating parents' reactions to Children's stuttering using a Persian version of reaction to Speech Disfluency Scale
. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol
. 2020
;134
:110076
. 23.
24.
Jones
M
, Onslow
M
, Packman
A
, O'Brian
S
, Hearne
A
, Williams
S
, et al. Extended follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of the Lidcombe program of early stuttering intervention
. Int J Lang Commun Disord
. 2008
;43
(6
):649
–61
. 25.
26.
Vanryckeghem
M
, Brutten
GJ
. KiddyCAT: communication attitude test for preschool and kindergarten children who stutter
. San Diego, CA
: Plural Publishing Incorporated
; 2007
.27.
Langevin
M
, Packman
A
, Onslow
M
. Parent perceptions of the impact of stuttering on their preschoolers and themselves
. J Commun Disord
. 2010
;43
(5
):407
–23
. 28.
Yaruss
JS
, Quesal
RW
. Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering (OASES): documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment
. J Fluency Disord
. 2006
;31
(2
):90
–115
. 29.
Beilby
J
. Psychosocial impact of living with a stuttering disorder: knowing is not enough
. In: Seminars in speech and language
. Thieme Medical Publishers
; 2014
; p. 132
–43
.30.
Rocha
M
, Yaruss
JS
, Rato
JR
. Stuttering impact: a shared perception for parents and children
. Folia Phoniatr Logop
. 2020
;72
(6
):478
–86
. 31.
Millard
SK
, Davis
S
. The Palin Parent Rating Scales: Parents' Perspectives of Childhood Stuttering and Its Impact
. J Speech Lang Hear Res
. 2016
;59
(5
):950
–63
. 32.
Beaton
DE
, Bombardier
C
, Guillemin
F
, Ferraz
MB
. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures
. Spine
. 2000
;25
(24
):3186
–91
. 33.
Davoudi
M
, Sadoughi
M
, Pourshahbaz
A
, Dolatshahi
B
, Astaneh
AN
. Exploring the structure of the university-students obsessive–compulsive tendency scale in Iranian university students: a network analysis study
. BMC Res Notes
. 2023 2023
;16
(1
):193
. 34.
Terwee
CB
, Bot
SD
, de Boer
MR
, van der Windt
DA
, Knol
DL
, Dekker
J
, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires
. J Clin Epidemiol
. 2007
;60
(1
):34
–42
. 35.
Koo
TK
, Li
MY
. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research
. J Chiropr Med
. 2016
;15
(2
):155
–63
. 36.
Cohen
J
. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
. (revised ed.).New York
: Academic Press
; 1977
.37.
Arminger
G
, Clogg
CC
, Sobel
ME
. Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences
. Springer Science and Business Media
; 2013
.38.
Van de Vijver
FJ
, Leung
K
. Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research
. Cambridge University Press
; 2021
.39.
Gulledge
CM
, Lizzio
VA
, Smith
DG
, Guo
E
, Makhni
EC
. What are the floor and ceiling effects of patient-reported outcomes measurement information system computer adaptive test domains in orthopaedic patients? A systematic review
. Arthroscopy
. 2020
;36
(3
):901
–12.e7
. 40.
Liu
Q
, Wang
L
. t-Test and ANOVA for data with ceiling and/or floor effects
. Behav Res Methods
. 2021
;53
(1
):264
–77
. 41.
Hambleton
RK
, Merenda
PF
, Spielberger
CD
. Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment
. Psychology Press
; 2004
.© 2024 S. Karger AG, Basel
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
2024
You do not currently have access to this content.
