Background: A large body of evidence suggests that the Communication Attitude Test (CAT) is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the speech-associated attitude of school-age children who stutter (CWS). Objective: The purpose of the present study was to adapt and validate the CAT for the Kannada-speaking school-age CWS. Methods: The original version of the CAT was forward- and back-translated by the first author. The Communication Attitude Test Kannada (CAT-K) was then administered to 293 children who do not stutter (CWNS) and 100 CWS. All children were native speakers of the Kannada language and were between the ages of 7 and 14 years. The Stuttering Severity Instrument-fourth edition (SSI-4) was used to estimate the severity of stuttering. Results: The data revealed that, in comparison to CWNS, the CWS’ mean CAT-K score was significantly higher, and a significant effect of stuttering severity and age on mean attitude scores was observed. In addition, results showed that the CAT-K is a reliable and valid test. Conclusion: The findings suggest the presence of a negative attitude in Kannada-speaking CWS and that the CAT-K is a useful tool in the assessment of Kannada school-age CWS. Given the need for speech-language pathologists to address a speech-associated negative attitude in CWS, incorporating the CAT-K as part of the diagnostic assessment of stuttering is valuable.

1.
Blumgart
E
,
Tran
Y
,
Craig
A
.
Social anxiety disorder in adults who stutter
.
Depress Anxiety
.
2010
Jul
;
27
(
7
):
687
92
.
[PubMed]
1091-4269
2.
Bloodstein
O
,
Bernstein Ratner
N.
A handbook on stuttering New York: Thomson Delmar Learning.
2008
.
3.
Bleek
B
,
Reuter
M
,
Yaruss
JS
,
Cook
S
,
Faber
J
,
Montag
C
.
Relationships between personality characteristics of people who stutter and the impact of stuttering on everyday life
.
[Internet]
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2012
Dec
;
37
(
4
):
325
33
.
[PubMed]
0094-730X
4.
Iverach
L
,
Jones
M
,
McLellan
LF
,
Lyneham
HJ
,
Menzies
RG
,
Onslow
M
, et al
Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter
.
[Internet]
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2016
Sep
;
49
:
13
28
.
[PubMed]
0094-730X
5.
Singer
JM
,
Fagen
JW
.
Negative affect, emotional expression, and forgetting in young infants
.
Dev Psychol
.
1992
;
28
(
1
):
48
57
. 0012-1649
6.
Kyrios
M
,
Prior
M
.
Temperament, stress and family factors in behavioural adjustment of 3-5-year-old children
.
Int J Behav Dev
.
1990
;
13
(
1
):
67
93
. 0165-0254
7.
Dixon
WE
 Jr
,
Smith
PH
.
Links between early temperament and language acquisition
.
Merrill-Palmer Q
.
2000
;
•••
:
417
40
.0272-930X
8.
Martin
RP
,
Olejnik
S
,
Gaddis
L
. Is temperament an important contributor to schooling outcomes in elementary school? Modeling effects of temperament and scholastic ability on academic achievement. In W. B. Carey & S. C. McDevitt [Eds.], Prevention and early intervention: Individual differences as risk factors for the mental health of children: A festschrift for Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas [pp. 59-68]. Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner/Mazel.
1994
.
9.
Yaruss
JS
,
Quesal
RW
.
Stuttering and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: an update
.
[ ICF ]
.
J Commun Disord
.
2004
Jan-Feb
;
37
(
1
):
35
52
.
[PubMed]
0021-9924
10.
Van Riper
C
.
The nature of stuttering
.
Prentice Hall
;
1982
.
11.
Doody
I
,
Kalinowski
J
,
Armson
J
,
Stuart
A
.
Stereotypes of stutterers and nonstutterers in three rural communities in Newfoundland
.
J Fluency Disord
.
1993
;
18
(
4
):
363
73
. 0094-730X
12.
Gabel
RM
.
Effects of stuttering severity and therapy involvement on attitudes towards people who stutter
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2006
;
31
(
3
):
216
27
.
[PubMed]
0094-730X
13.
Allard
ER
,
Williams
DF
.
Listeners’ perceptions of speech and language disorders
.
J Commun Disord
.
2008
Mar-Apr
;
41
(
2
):
108
23
.
[PubMed]
0021-9924
14.
Amick
LJ
,
Chang
SE
,
Wade
J
,
McAuley
JD
.
Social and Cognitive Impressions of Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter Based on Listeners’ Perceptions of Read-Speech Samples
.
Front Psychol
.
2017
Jul
;
8
:
1148
.
[PubMed]
1664-1078
15.
Guttormsen
LS
,
Kefalianos
E
,
Næss
KA
.
Communication attitudes in children who stutter: A meta-analytic review
.
[Internet]
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2015
Dec
;
46
:
1
14
.
[PubMed]
0094-730X
16.
Brutten
GJ
,
Vanryckeghem
M
.
Behavior Assessment Battery for school-age children who stutter
.
Plural Publishing
;
2007
.
17.
Brutten
G
,
Vanryckeghem
M
.
Behavior Assessment Battery: A multi-dimensional and evidence-based approach to diagnostic and therapeutic decision making for children who stutter
.
Belgium Sticht Integr Gehandicap Acco Publ.
;
2003
.
18.
Kawai
N
,
Healey
EC
,
Nagasawa
T
,
Vanryckeghem
M
.
Communication attitudes of Japanese school-age children who stutter
.
[Internet]
.
J Commun Disord
.
2012
Sep-Oct
;
45
(
5
):
348
54
.
[PubMed]
0021-9924
19.
Neumann
S
,
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Tiefenthaller
R
,
Rietz
C
,
Stenneken
P
.
The German Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children Who Stutter [KiddyCAT-G]: Reliability and First Reference Data
.
J Speech Pathol Ther.
2019
;
3
(
138
):
2
.
20.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
De Niels
T
,
Vanrobaeys
S
.
The KiddyCAT: A test-retest reliability investigation
.
Cross-Cult Commun
.
2015
;
11
(
4
):
10
6
.1712-8358
21.
Węsierska
K
,
Vanryckeghem
M
.
A comparison of communicative attitudes among stuttering and nonstuttering Polish preschoolers using the KiddyCAT
.
Procedia Soc Behav Sci
.
2015
;
193
:
278
84
. 1877-0428
22.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Brutten
EJ
.
KiddyCat: Communication attitude test for preschool and kindergarten children who stutter
.
Plural Publishing Incorporated
;
2007
.
23.
Davis
S
,
Howell
P
,
Cooke
F
.
Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their non-stuttering classmates
.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry
.
2002
Oct
;
43
(
7
):
939
47
.
[PubMed]
0021-9630
24.
Packman
A
,
Onslow
M
,
Attanasio
J
,
Harrison
E
.
The timing of early intervention with the Lidcombe Program.
Lidcombe Progr early stuttering Interv A Clin Guid.
2003
;41–55.
25.
Hartford
E
,
Leahy
MM
.
The perceptions of primary school children of a person who stutters.
In:
Proceedings of the 5th world congress on fluency disorders
.
2007
; p.
223
9
.
26.
Evans
D
,
Healey
EC
,
Kawai
N
,
Rowland
S
.
Middle school students’ perceptions of a peer who stutters
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2008
Sep
;
33
(
3
):
203
19
.
[PubMed]
0094-730X
27.
Iverach
L
,
Rapee
RM
.
Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: current status and future directions
.
[Internet]
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2014
Jun
;
40
:
69
82
.
[PubMed]
0094-730X
28.
Hawker
DS
,
Boulton
MJ
.
Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies
.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry
.
2000
May
;
41
(
4
):
441
55
.
[PubMed]
0021-9630
29.
McAllister
J
.
Behavioural, emotional and social development of children who stutter
.
[Internet]
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2016
Dec
;
50
:
23
32
.
[PubMed]
0094-730X
30.
Clark
CE
,
Conture
EG
,
Frankel
CB
,
Walden
TA
.
Communicative and psychological dimensions of the KiddyCAT
.
J Commun Disord
.
2012
May-Jun
;
45
(
3
):
223
34
.
[PubMed]
0021-9924
31.
Bernardini
S
,
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Brutten
GJ
,
Cocco
L
,
Zmarich
C
.
Communication attitude of Italian children who do and do not stutter
.
J Commun Disord
.
2009
Mar-Apr
;
42
(
2
):
155
61
.
[PubMed]
0021-9924
32.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Brutten
GJ
.
The Speech-Associated Attitude of Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter and the Differential Effect of Age
.
Am J Speech Lang Pathol
.
1997
;
6
(
4
):
67
73
. 1058-0360
33.
Gačnik
M
,
Vanryckeghem
M
.
Study of the Communication Attitude of Slovenian Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter
.
[Internet]
.
Cross-Cult Commun
.
2014
;
10
(
5
):
85
91
. Available from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ccc/article/view/5160/63441712-8358
34.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Brutten
GJ
,
Hernandez
LM
.
A comparative investigation of the speech-associated attitude of preschool and kindergarten children who do and do not stutter
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2005
;
30
(
4
):
307
18
.
[PubMed]
0094-730X
35.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Hylebos
C
,
Brutten
GJ
,
Peleman
M
.
The relationship between communication attitude and emotion of children who stutter
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2001
;
26
(
1
):
1
15
. 0094-730X
36.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Brutten
GJ
.
The relationship between communication attitude and fluency failure of stuttering and nonstuttering children
.
J Fluency Disord
.
1996
;
21
(
2
):
109
18
. 0094-730X
37.
Zebrowski
PM
,
Kelly
EM
.
Manual of stuttering intervention
.
Singular Publishing Group
;
2002
.
38.
Andrews
G
,
Cutler
J
.
Stuttering therapy: the relation between changes in symptom level and attitudes
.
J Speech Hear Disord
.
1974
Aug
;
39
(
3
):
312
9
.
[PubMed]
0022-4677
39.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Brutten
G
.
The Behavior Assessment Battery for Adults Who Stutter
.
San Diego
:
CA Plur
;
2018
.
40.
Iverach
L
,
Heard
R
,
Menzies
R
,
Lowe
R
,
O’Brian
S
,
Packman
A
, et al
A Brief Version of the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering Scales: the UTBAS-6
.
J Speech Lang Hear Res
.
2016
Oct
;
59
(
5
):
964
72
.
[PubMed]
1092-4388
41.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Mukati
SA
.
The Behavior Assessment Battery: a preliminary study of non-stuttering Pakistani grade-school children
.
Int J Lang Commun Disord
.
2006
Sep-Oct
;
41
(
5
):
583
9
.
[PubMed]
1368-2822
42.
Guitar
B
.
Pretreatment factors associated with the outcome of stuttering therapy
.
J Speech Hear Res
.
1976
Sep
;
19
(
3
):
590
600
.
[PubMed]
0022-4685
43.
Sperber
AD
.
Translation and validation of study instruments for cross-cultural research
.
Gastroenterology
.
2004
Jan
;
126
(
1
Suppl 1
):
S124
8
.
[PubMed]
0016-5085
44.
Riley
GD
,
Bakker
K
.
Stuttering severity instrument: SSI-4
.
Pro-Ed
;
2009
.
45.
Jelcic
SJ
,
Brestovci
B
.
Communication attitudes of children who stutter and those who do not
.
J Fluency Disord
.
2000
;
3
(
25
):
208
. 0094-730X
46.
Brutten
GJ
,
Vanryckeghem
M
.
Reflections on a comparative study of attitude
.
[Internet]
.
J Fluency Disord
.
1997
;
22
(
4
):
327
9
. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0094730X970002590094-730X
47.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Brutten
GJ
.
The Communication Attitude Test: A test-retest reliability investigation
.
J Fluency Disord
.
1992
;
17
(
3
):
177
90
. 0094-730X
48.
De Nil
LF
,
Brutten
GJ
.
Speech-associated attitudes of stuttering and nonstuttering children
.
J Speech Hear Res
.
1991
Feb
;
34
(
1
):
60
6
.
[PubMed]
0022-4685
49.
Vanryckeghem
M
.
De Communication Attitude Test en het verband met de ernst van het stotteren. Bepaald via het percentage niet-vloeiendheid en een beoordelingsschaal
.
Signaal.
1997
;
19
:
2
10
.
50.
Vanryckeghem
M
,
Brutten
G
. Kiddycat: communication attitude test voor stotterende kleuters. [KiddyCAT: Communication Attitude Test for Preschoolers], Belgium. ISBN 978-90-5873-098-5. In SIG;
2015
. Hegde MN. Treatment protocols for stuttering. Plural Publishing; 2006.
51.
Hegde MN. Treatment protocols for stuttering. Plural Publishing; 2006.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.