Individuals with complex communication needs have benefited greatly from technological innovations over the past two decades, as well as from social movements that have shifted focus from disability to functioning and participation in society. Three strands of technological innovation are reviewed in this paper: (1) innovations in the tools that have become available, specifically tablet technologies; (2) innovations in access methods (eye gaze technologies and brain-computer interfaces); and (3) innovations in output, specifically speech technologies. The opportunities these innovations offer are explored, as are some of the challenges that they imply, not only for individuals with complex communication needs, but also for families, professionals, and researchers.

1.
World Health Organization
.
International classification of functioning, disability and health
.
Geneva
:
World Health Organisation
;
2001
.
2.
United Nations GA: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: resolution /adopted by the General Assembly; in Assembly UG (ed): A/RES/61/106, 24 January
2007
, A/RES/61/106, http://www.refworld.org/docid/45f973632.html [accessed 5 October 2018]
3.
Zangari
C
,
Lloyd
L
,
Vicker
B
.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication: an historic perspective
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
1994
;
10
(
1
):
27
59
. 0743-4618
4.
McNaughton
D
,
Light
J
.
The iPad and mobile technology revolution: benefits and challenges for individuals who require augmentative and alternative communication
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2013
Jun
;
29
(
2
):
107
16
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
5.
Flores
M
,
Musgrove
K
,
Renner
S
,
Hinton
V
,
Strozier
S
,
Franklin
S
, et al.
A comparison of communication using the Apple iPad and a picture-based system
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2012
Jun
;
28
(
2
):
74
84
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
6.
Therrien
MC
,
Light
J
.
Using the iPad to facilitate interaction between preschool children who use AAC and their peers
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2016
Sep
;
32
(
3
):
163
74
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
7.
Holyfield
C
,
Caron
J
,
Drager
K
,
Light
J
:
Effect of mobile technology featuring visual scene displays and "just-in-time" programming on communication turns by pre-adolescent and adolescent beginning communicators.
Int J Speech Lang Pathol
2018
;advance online
8.
Caron
J
,
Light
J
,
Holyfield
C
,
McNaughton
D
.
Effects of dynamic text in an AAC app on sight word reading for individuals with autism spectrum disorder
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2018
Jun
;
34
(
2
):
143
54
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
9.
Beukelman
D
,
Hux
K
,
Dietz
A
,
McKelvey
M
,
Weissling
K
.
Using Visual Scene Displays as communication support options for people wiht chronic, severe aphasia: A summary of AAC research and future research directions
.
Spec Ed Commun Disord Faculty Publications
;
2015
. p.
151
.
10.
Caron
J
,
Light
J
,
Davidoff
BE
,
Drager
KD
.
Comparison of the effects of mobile technology AAC apps on programming visual scene displays
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2017
Dec
;
33
(
4
):
239
48
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
11.
Caron
J
,
Light
J
,
Drager
K
.
Operational demands of AAC mobile technology applications on programming vocabulary and engagement during professional and child interactions
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2016
;
32
(
1
):
12
24
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
12.
Schlosser
R
,
Shane
H
,
Allen
A
,
Abramson
J
,
Laubscher
E
,
Dimery
K
.
Just-in-time supports in augmentative and alternative communication
.
J Dev Phys Disabil
.
2016
;
28
(
1
):
177
93
. 1056-263X
13.
Fager
S
,
Bardach
L
,
Russell
S
,
Higginbotham
J
.
Access to augmentative and alternative communication: new technologies and clinical decision-making
.
J Pediatr Rehabil Med
.
2012
;
5
(
1
):
53
61
.
[PubMed]
1875-8894
14.
Hershberger
D
.
Mobile technology and AAC apps from an AAC developer’s perspective
.
Perspect Augment Altern Commun
.
2011
;
20
(
1
):
28
33
. 1940-7475
15.
Dickerson
SS
,
Stone
VI
,
Panchura
C
,
Usiak
DJ
.
The meaning of communication: experiences with augmentative communication devices
.
Rehabil Nurs
.
2002
Nov-Dec
;
27
(
6
):
215
20
.
[PubMed]
0278-4807
16.
Beck
A
,
Dennis
ML
.
Attitudes of children toward a similar-aged child who uses augmentative and alternative communication
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
1996
;
12
(
2
):
78
87
. 0743-4618
17.
McCarthy
J
,
Light
J
.
Attitudes toward individuals who use Augmentative and Alternative Communication: research review
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2005
;
21
(
1
):
41
55
. 0743-4618
18.
Schäfer
MC
,
Sutherland
D
,
McLay
L
,
Achmadi
D
,
van der Meer
L
,
Sigafoos
J
, et al.
Research note: attitudes of teachers and undergraduate students regarding three augmentative and alternative communication modalities
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2016
Dec
;
32
(
4
):
312
9
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
19.
Alper
M
.
Giving voice: Mobile communication, disability and inequality
.
Cambridge (MA)
:
The MIT Press
;
2017
.
20.
von Tetzchner
S
,
Stadskleiv
K
. Constructing a language in alternative forms. In:
Smith
M
,
Murray
J
, editors
.
The Silent Partner? Language, Interaction and Aided Communication
.
London
:
J&R Press Ltd.
;
2016
. pp.
17
34
.
21.
Tsai
M
:
Augmentative and alternative communication service by speech-language pathologists in Taiwan.
Commun Disord Quart
2018
;early online
22.
von Tetzchner
S
,
Launonen
K
,
Batorowicz
B
,
Nunes
LR
,
Walter
CC
,
Oxley
J
, et al.
Communication aid provision and use among children and adolescents developing aided communication: an international survey
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2018
Mar
;
34
(
1
):
79
91
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
23.
Andzik
NR
,
Chung
YC
,
Kranak
MP
.
Communication opportunities for elementary school students who use augmentative and alternative communication
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2016
Dec
;
32
(
4
):
272
81
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
24.
Kulkarni
SS
,
Parmar
J
.
Culturally and linguistically diverse student and family perspectives of AAC
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2017
Sep
;
33
(
3
):
170
80
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
25.
Joginder Singh
S
,
Hussein
NH
,
Mustaffa Kamal
R
,
Hassan
FH
.
Reflections of Malaysian parents of children with developmental disabilities on their experiences with AAC
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2017
Jun
;
33
(
2
):
110
20
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
26.
Johnson
JM
,
Inglebret
E
,
Jones
C
,
Ray
J
.
Perspectives of speech language pathologists regarding success versus abandonment of AAC
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2006
Jun
;
22
(
2
):
85
99
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
27.
Roche
L
,
Sigafoos
J
,
Lancioni
GE
,
O’Reilly
MF
,
Green
VA
.
Microswitch technology for enabling self-determined responding in children with profound and multiple disabilities: A systematic review
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2015
;
31
(
3
):
246
58
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
28.
Higginbotham
DJ
,
Bisantz
AM
,
Sunm
M
,
Adams
K
,
Yik
F
.
The effect of context priming and task type on augmentative communication performance
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2008
;
•••
:
1
13
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
29.
Griffiths
T
,
Addison
A
.
Access to communication technology for children with cerebral palsy
.
Paediatr Child Health
.
2017
;
27
(
10
):
470
5
. 1205-7088
30.
Perrin
M
,
Robillard
M
,
Roy-Charland
A
.
Observing eye movements and the influence of cognition during a symbol search task: a comparison across three age groups
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2017
Dec
;
33
(
4
):
249
59
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
31.
Borgestig
M
,
Sandqvist
J
,
Parsons
R
,
Falkmer
T
,
Hemmingsson
H
.
Eye gaze performance for children with severe physical impairments using gaze-based assistive technology-A longitudinal study
.
Assist Technol
.
2016
;
28
(
2
):
93
102
.
[PubMed]
1040-0435
32.
Donegan
M
,
Morris
J
,
Corno
F
,
Signorile
I
,
Chió
A
,
Pasian
V
, et al.
Understanding users and their needs
.
Univers Access Inf Soc
.
2009
;
8
(
4
):
259
75
. 1615-5289
33.
Thistle
JJ
,
Wilkinson
K
.
Effects of background color and symbol arrangement cues on construction of multi-symbol messages by young children without disabilities: implications for aided AAC design
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2017
Sep
;
33
(
3
):
160
9
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
34.
Stokes
TS
,
Roden
P
.
Establishing the key components of an eye gaze assessment for a child with a severe neurodisability using nominal group technique
.
Edorium J Disabil Rehabil
.
2017
;
3
:
62
8
.
35.
Müller
E
,
Soto
G
.
Conversation patterns of three adults using aided communication: variations across partners
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2002
;
18
(
2
):
77
90
. 0743-4618
36.
Hörmeyer
I
,
Renner
G
.
Confirming and denying in co-construction processes: a case study of an adult with cerebral palsy and two familiar partners
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2013
Sep
;
29
(
3
):
259
71
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
37.
Clarke
M
,
Bloch
S
,
Wilkinson
R
.
Speaker transfer in children’s peer conversation: completing communication-aid-mediated contributions
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2013
Mar
;
29
(
1
):
37
53
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
38.
Higginbotham
DJ
,
Engelke
CR
.
A primer for doing talk-in-interaction research in Augmentative and Alternative Communication
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2013
Mar
;
29
(
1
):
3
19
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
39.
Barnes
S
,
Bloch
S
.
Why is measuring communication difficult? A critial review of speech pathology concepts and measures
.
Clin Ling Phonet
;
2018
.
40.
Wilkinson
KM
,
O’Neill
T
,
McIlvane
WJ
.
Eye-tracking measures reveal how changes in the design of aided AAC displays influence the efficiency of locating symbols by school-age children without disabilities
.
J Speech Lang Hear Res
.
2014
Apr
;
57
(
2
):
455
66
.
[PubMed]
1092-4388
41.
Pitt
KM
,
Brumberg
JS
.
Guidelines for feature matching assessment of brain-computer interfaces for augmentative and alternative communication
.
Am J Speech Lang Pathol
.
2018
Aug
;
27
(
3
):
950
64
.
[PubMed]
1058-0360
42.
Brumberg
JS
,
Pitt
KM
,
Mantie-Kozlowski
A
,
Burnison
JD
.
Brain-computer interfaces for augmentative and alternative communication: A tutorial
.
Am J Speech Lang Pathol
.
2018
Feb
;
27
(
1
):
1
12
.
[PubMed]
1058-0360
43.
Oken
BS
,
Orhan
U
,
Roark
B
,
Erdogmus
D
,
Fowler
A
,
Mooney
A
, et al.
Brain-computer interface with language model-electroencephalography fusion for locked-in syndrome
.
Neurorehabil Neural Repair
.
2014
May
;
28
(
4
):
387
94
.
[PubMed]
1545-9683
44.
Käthner
I
,
Kübler
A
,
Halder
S
.
Comparison of eye tracking, electrooculography and an auditory brain-computer interface for binary communication: a case study with a participant in the locked-in state
.
J Neuroeng Rehabil
.
2015
Sep
;
12
(
1
):
76
.
[PubMed]
1743-0003
45.
Donchin
E
,
Spencer
KM
,
Wijesinghe
R
.
The mental prosthesis: assessing the speed of a P300-based brain-computer interface
.
IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng
.
2000
Jun
;
8
(
2
):
174
9
.
[PubMed]
1063-6528
46.
Chakrabarti
S
,
Sandberg
H
,
Brumberg
J
,
Krusienski
D
.
Progess in speech decoding from the electrocorticogram
.
Biomed Eng Lett
.
2015
;
5
(
1
):
10
21
. 2093-9868
47.
Nathanson
E
.
Native voice, self-concept and the moral case for personalized voice technology
.
Disabil Rehabil
.
2017
Jan
;
39
(
1
):
73
81
.
[PubMed]
0963-8288
48.
Pullin
G
,
Treviranus
J
,
Patel
R
,
Higginbotham
J
.
Designing interaction, voice, and inclusion in AAC research
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2017
Sep
;
33
(
3
):
139
48
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
49.
Fried-Oken
M
,
Beukelman
D
,
Hux
K
.
Current and future AAC research considerations for adults with acquired cognitive and communication impairments
.
Assist Technol
.
2012
;
24
(
1
):
24
.
[PubMed]
1040-0435
50.
Patel
R
,
Threats
T
.
One’s voice: A central component of personal factors in augmentative and alternative communication
.
Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, SIG
.
2016
;
12
(
12
):
94
8
.
51.
Costello
J
.
AAC intervention in the intensive care unit: The Chidren’s Hospital Boston model
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2000
;
16
(
3
):
137
53
. 0743-4618
52.
Pullin
G
,
Hennig
S
.
17 ways to say ‘Yes’: toward nuanced tone of voice in AAC and speech technology
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2015
Jun
;
31
(
2
):
170
80
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
53.
Edwards
AD
,
Newell
C
.
Creative Speech Technology: editorial introduction to this special issue
.
Logoped Phoniatr Vocol
.
2013
Oct
;
38
(
3
):
91
5
.
[PubMed]
1401-5439
54.
McGettigan
C
.
The social life of voices: studying the neural bases for the expression and perception of the self and others during spoken communication
.
Front Hum Neurosci
.
2015
Mar
;
9
:
129
.
[PubMed]
1662-5161
55.
Martin
A
,
Newell
C
.
Living through a computer voice: a personal account
.
Logoped Phoniatr Vocol
.
2013
Oct
;
38
(
3
):
96
104
.
[PubMed]
1401-5439
56.
Beukelman
DR
,
Hux
K
,
Dietz
A
,
McKelvey
M
,
Weissling
K
.
Using visual scene displays as communication support options for people wiht chronic, severe aphasia: A summary of AAC research and future research directions
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2015
;
31
(
3
):
234
45
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
57.
Romski
M
,
Sevcik
RA
,
Barton-Hulsey
A
,
Whitmore
AS
.
Early intervention and AAC: what a difference thirty years makes
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2015
;
31
(
3
):
181
202
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
58.
Smith
MM
.
Language development of individuals who required aided communication: reflections on state of the science and future research directions
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2015
;
31
(
3
):
215
33
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
59.
Thirumanickam
A
,
Raghavendra
P
,
Olsson
C
.
Participation and social networks of school-age children with complex communication needs: a descriptive study
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2011
Sep
;
27
(
3
):
195
204
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
60.
Raghavendra
P
,
Olsson
C
,
Sampson
J
,
McInerney
R
,
Connell
T
.
School participation and social networks of children with complex communication needs, physical disabilities, and typically developing peers
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2012
Mar
;
28
(
1
):
33
43
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
61.
Wickenden
M
.
‘Talk to me as a teenager’: Experiences of friendship for disabled teenagers who have little or no speech
.
Childhoods Today
;
2011
. p.
5
.
62.
Caron
J
,
Light
J
.
Social media experiences of adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy who use augmentative and alternative communication
.
Int J Speech Lang Pathol
;
2016
. pp.
1
13
.
63.
Hynan
A
,
Goldbart
J
,
Murray
J
.
A grounded theory of Internet and social media use by young people who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
.
Disabil Rehabil
.
2015
;
37
(
17
):
1559
75
.
[PubMed]
0963-8288
64.
Light
J
,
McNaughton
D
,
Krezman
C
,
Williams
M
,
Gulens
M
,
Galskoy
A
, et al.
The AAC Mentor Project: web-based instruction in sociorelational skills and collaborative problem solving for adults who use augmentative and alternative communication
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2007
Mar
;
23
(
1
):
56
75
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
65.
Ballin
L
,
Balandin
S
,
Stancliffe
RJ
.
The speech-generating device (SGD) mentoring program: training adults who use an SGD to mentor
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2012
Dec
;
28
(
4
):
254
65
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
66.
von Tetzchner
S
.
Introduction to the special issue on aided language processes, development, and use: an international perspective
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2018
Mar
;
34
(
1
):
1
15
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
67.
Scherer
MJ
.
Technology adoption, acceptance, satisfaction and benefit: integrating various assistive technology outcomes
.
Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol
.
2017
Jan
;
12
(
1
):
1
2
.
[PubMed]
1748-3107
68.
Higginbotham
DJ
,
Fulcher
K
,
Seale
J
. Time and timing in interactions involving individuals with ALS, their unimpaired partners and their speech generating devices. In:
Smith
M
,
Murray
J
, editors
.
The Silent Partner? Language, interaction and aided communication
.
London
:
J&R Press
;
2016
. pp.
199
229
.
69.
Gillespie-Smith
K
,
Fletcher-Watson
S
.
Designing AAC systems for children with autism: evidence from eye tracking research
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2014
Jun
;
30
(
2
):
160
71
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
70.
Pistorius
M
,
Davies
ML
.
Ghost Boy
.
London, UK
:
Simon & Schuster
;
2011
.
71.
Mobasheri
MH
,
King
D
,
Judge
S
,
Arshad
F
,
Larsen
M
,
Safarfashandi
Z
, et al.
Communication aid requirements of intensive care unit patients with transient speech loss
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2016
Dec
;
32
(
4
):
261
71
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
72.
Rackensperger
T
,
Krezman
C
,
McNaughton
D
,
Williams
MB
,
D’Silva
K
.
“When I first got it, I wanted to throw it off a cliff”: the challenges and benefits of learning AAC technologies as described by adults who use AAC
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2005
;
21
(
3
):
165
86
. 0743-4618
73.
Judge
S
,
Townend
G
.
Perceptions of the design of voice output communication aids
.
Int J Lang Commun Disord
.
2013
Jul-Aug
;
48
(
4
):
366
81
.
[PubMed]
1368-2822
74.
Smith
M
,
Murray
J
. Augmentative and alternative communication devices: The voices of adult users. In:
Pereira
J
, editor
.
Handbook of research on personal autonomy technologies and disability informatics
.
New York
:
IGI Global
;
2011
. pp.
46
59
.
75.
Elsam
P
.
Gwen’s crazy little green clowns
.
Logoped Phoniatr Vocol
.
2013
Oct
;
38
(
3
):
151
5
.
[PubMed]
1401-5439
76.
Smith
MM
,
Connolly
I
.
Roles of aided communication: perspectives of adults who use AAC
.
Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol
.
2008
Sep
;
3
(
5
):
260
73
.
[PubMed]
1748-3107
77.
Smith
MM
,
Murray
J
.
Parachute without a ripcord: the skydive of communication interaction
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2011
Dec
;
27
(
4
):
292
303
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
78.
Light
J
,
Page
R
,
Curran
J
,
Pitkin
L
.
Children’s ideas for the design of AAC assistive technologies for young children with complex communication needs
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2007
;
23
(
4
):
274
87
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
79.
Clarke
M
,
McConachie
H
,
Price
K
,
Wood
P
.
Views of young people using augmentative and alternative communication systems
.
Int J Lang Commun Disord
.
2001
Jan-Mar
;
36
(
1
):
107
15
.
[PubMed]
1368-2822
80.
Abelson
J
,
Wagner
F
,
DeJean
D
,
Boesveld
S
,
Gauvin
FP
,
Bean
S
, et al.
Public and patient involvement in health technology assessment: A framework for action
.
Int J Technol Assess Health Care
.
2016
Jan
;
32
(
4
):
256
64
.
[PubMed]
0266-4623
81.
Brett
J
,
Staniszewska
S
,
Mockford
C
,
Herron-Marx
S
,
Hughes
J
,
Tysall
C
, et al.
Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review
.
Health Expect
.
2014
Oct
;
17
(
5
):
637
50
.
[PubMed]
1369-6513
82.
Light
J
,
McNaughton
D
.
Putting people first: re-thinking the role of technology in augmentative and alternative communication intervention
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2013
Dec
;
29
(
4
):
299
309
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
83.
Dukhovny
E
,
Soto
G
.
Speech generating devices and modality of short-term word storage
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2013
Sep
;
29
(
3
):
246
58
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
84.
Thistle
JJ
,
Wilkinson
KM
.
Working memory demands of aided augmentative and alternative communication for individuals with developmental disabilities
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2013
Sep
;
29
(
3
):
235
45
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
85.
Murray
J
,
Goldbart
J
.
Emergence of working memory in children using aided communication
.
J Assist Technol
.
2011
;
5
(
4
):
214
32
. 1754-9450
86.
Smith
M
,
Murray
J
,
von Tetzchner
S
,
Langan
P
. A tale of transitions: The challenges of integrating speech synthesis in aided communication; in Mullenix j, Stern S (eds): Computer synthesized speech technologies: Tools for aiding impairment. New York, IGI Global,
2010
, pp 234-256
87.
Chung
YC
,
Stoner
JB
.
A meta-synthesis of team members’ voices: what we need and what we do to support students who use AAC
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2016
Sep
;
32
(
3
):
175
86
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
88.
Lindsay
S
.
Perceptions of health care workers prescribing augmentative and alternative communication devices to children
.
Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol
.
2010
May
;
5
(
3
):
209
22
.
[PubMed]
1748-3107
89.
Alant
E
. AAC technology for development. In:
Alant
E
,
Lloyd
LL
, editors
.
Augmentative and alternative communication and severe disabilities: Beyond poverty
.
London
:
Whurr
;
2005
. pp.
192
220
.
90.
Sutherland
D
,
van der Meer
L
,
Sigafoos
J
,
Mirfin-Veitch
B
,
Milner
P
,
O’Reilly
MF
, et al.
Survey of AAC needs for adults with intellectual disability in New Zealand
.
J Dev Phys Disabil
.
2014
;
26
(
1
):
115
22
. 1056-263X
91.
Calculator
SN
.
Parents’ reports of patterns of use and exposure to practices associated with AAC acceptance by individuals with Angelman syndrome
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2013
Jun
;
29
(
2
):
146
58
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
92.
Adamson
LB
,
Romski
M
,
Bakeman
R
,
Sevcik
RA
.
Augmented language intervention and the emergence of symbol-infused joint engagement
.
J Speech Lang Hear Res
.
2010
Dec
;
53
(
6
):
1769
73
.
[PubMed]
1092-4388
93.
Cheslock
M
,
Barton-Hulsey
A
,
Romski
M
,
Sevcik
RA
.
Using a speech generating device to enhance communicative abilities and interactions for an adult with moderate intellectual disability: A case report
.
Intellect Dev Disabil
.
2008
;
446
:
376
86
.
[PubMed]
1934-9491
94.
Fried-Oken
M
,
Fox
L
,
Rau
MT
,
Tullman
J
,
Baker
G
,
Hindal
M
, et al.
Purposes of AAC device use for persons with ALS as reported by caregivers
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2006
Sep
;
22
(
3
):
209
21
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
95.
Theodoros
D
,
Aldridge
D
,
Hill
AJ
,
Russell
T
.
Technology-enabled management of communication and swallowing disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic scoping review
.
Int J Lang Commun Disord
.
2018
Jun
.
[PubMed]
1368-2822
96.
Tönsing
KM
,
Dada
S
.
Teachers’ perceptions of implementation of aided AAC to support expressive communication in South African special schools: a pilot investigation
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2016
Dec
;
32
(
4
):
282
304
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
97.
Beukelman
D
,
Mirenda
P
.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Management of severe communication disorders in children and adults
.
Baltimore (MD)
:
Paul H Brooks
;
1992
.
98.
Light
J
,
McNaughton
D
.
Communicative competence for individuals who require augmentative and alternative communication: A new definition for a new era of communication?
Augment Altern Commun
.
2014
;
30
(
1
):
1
18
. 0743-4618
99.
Beukelman
DR
,
Mirenda
P
.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Support children and adults with complex communication needs
. 4th ed.
Baltimore (MD)
:
Paul H Brooks
;
2013
.
100.
Vessoyan
K
,
Steckle
G
,
Easton
B
,
Nichols
M
,
Mok Siu
V
,
McDougall
J
.
Using eye-tracking technology for communication in Rett syndrome: perceptions of impact
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2018
Sep
;
34
(
3
):
230
41
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
101.
Iacono
T
,
Lyon
K
,
Johnson
H
,
West
D
.
Experiences of adults with complex communication needs receiving and using low tech AAC: an Australian context
.
Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol
.
2013
Sep
;
8
(
5
):
392
401
.
[PubMed]
1748-3107
102.
Lynch
Y
,
McCleary
M
,
Smith
M
.
Instructional strategies used in direct AAC interventions with children to support graphic symbol learning: A systematic review
.
Child Lang Teach Ther
.
2018
;
34
(
1
):
23
36
. 0265-6590
103.
Binger
C
,
Light
J
.
The effect of aided AAC modeling on the expression of multi-symbol messages by preschoolers who use AAC
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2007
Mar
;
23
(
1
):
30
43
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
104.
Binger
C
,
Kent-Walsh
J
,
Ewing
C
,
Taylor
S
.
Teaching educational assistants to facilitate the multi-symbol message productions of young students who use AAC
.
Am J Speech Lang Pathol
.
2010
;
19
:
108
20
.
[PubMed]
1058-0360
105.
Kent-Walsh
J
,
Binger
C
,
Buchanan
C
.
Teaching children who use augmentative and alternative communication to ask inverted yes/no questions using aided modeling
.
Am J Speech Lang Pathol
.
2015
May
;
24
(
2
):
222
36
.
[PubMed]
1058-0360
106.
Sennott
S
,
Light
J
,
McNaughton
D
.
AAC modeling intervention research review
.
Res Pract Persons Severe Disabl
.
2016
;
41
(
2
):
101
15
. 1540-7969
107.
Anderson
KL
,
Balandin
S
,
Stancliffe
RJ
.
Alternative service delivery models for families with a new speech generating device: perspectives of parents and therapists
.
Int J Speech-Language Pathol
.
2015
Apr
;
17
(
2
):
185
95
.
[PubMed]
1754-9507
108.
Anderson
KL
,
Balandin
S
,
Stancliffe
RJ
.
“It’s got to be more than that”. Parents and speech-language pathologists discuss training content for families with a new speech generating device
.
Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol
.
2016
;
11
(
5
):
375
84
.
[PubMed]
1748-3115
109.
Achmadi
D
,
Sigafoos
J
,
van der Meer
L
,
Sutherland
D
,
Lancioni
G
,
O’Reilly
MF
, et al.
Acquisition, preference, and follow-up data on the use of three AAC options by four boys with developmental disability/delay
.
J Dev Phys Disabil
.
2014
;
26
(
5
):
565
83
. 1056-263X
110.
Batorowicz
B
,
Campbell
F
,
von Tetzchner
S
,
King
G
,
Missiuna
C
.
Social participation of school-aged children who use communication aids: the views of children and parents
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2014
Sep
;
30
(
3
):
237
51
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
111.
Lund
SK
,
Light
J
.
Long-term outcomes for individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication: part I—what is a “good” outcome?
Augment Altern Commun
.
2006
Dec
;
22
(
4
):
284
99
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
112.
Raghavendra
P
,
Wood
D
,
Newman
L
,
Lawry
J
.
Why aren’t you on Facebook?: patterns and experiences of using the Internet among young people with physical disabilities
.
Technol Disabil
.
2012
;
24
:
149
62
.1055-4181
113.
Bryen
DN
,
Potts
BB
,
Carey
AC
.
So you want to work? What employers say about job skills, recruitment and hiring employees who rely on AAC
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2007
Jun
;
23
(
2
):
126
39
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
114.
Hajjar
DJ
,
McCarthy
JW
,
Benigno
JP
,
Chabot
J
.
“You get more than you give”: experiences of community partners in facilitating active recreation with individuals who have complex communication needs
.
Augment Altern Commun
.
2016
Jun
;
32
(
2
):
131
42
.
[PubMed]
0743-4618
115.
Turing
AM
.
Computing machinery and intelligence
.
Mind Lang
.
1950
;
49
(
236
):
433
60
. 0268-1064
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.