Objectives: The aim of the study was an anthropometric analysis of the values of selected cranial and facial indexes in vocal students and a comparison of these values with the standards for the same ethnic and age group of non-singing students. Patients and Methodology: 56 vocal students, aged 19-26 years, were examined. Standard instruments, such as sliding and spreading callipers and soft measuring tape, were used for the examination. A set of 32 linear measurements of the head and face was provided. Results: In all head measurements the obtained results were greater for the vocal students. The vocal students revealed greater values of the indexes related to face width and depth of the lower jaw. In the comparison group the indices for the middle and lower part of the face were significantly higher. Conclusion: Vocalists have bigger heads and mandibles than non-singers.

1.
Mitrinowicz-Modrzejewska A: Fizjologia i patologia głosu (Physiology and Pathology of Voice). Krakow, WPM, 1958.
2.
Martienssen-Lohmann F: Ausbildung der Gesangstimme. Lochham, Musikverlag R. Birnbach, 2000.
3.
Titze IR: Phonation into a straw as a voice building exercise. J Singing 2000;57:27-28.
4.
Titze IR: The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds. J Acoust Soc Am 1988;4:1536-1552.
5.
Titze IR, Hoffman E: Vocal tract area functions from magnetic resonance imaging. J Acoust Soc Am 1996;1:537-554.
6.
Masuda S: Role of the maxillary sinus as a resonant cavity. Nippon Jibinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1992;95:71-80.
7.
Ungor C, Saridogan C, Yilmaz M, Tosun E, Senel FC, Icten O: An acoustical analysis of the effect of maxillary sinus augmentation on voice quality. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;115:175-184.
8.
Maeda S: The role of the sinus cavities in the production of nasal vowels. Proc IEEE ICASSP, Paris, 1982, vol 2, pp 911-914.
9.
Sundberg J, Birch P, Gumoes B, Stavad H, Prytz S, Karle A: Experimental findings on the nasal tract resonator in singing. J Voice 2007;21:127-137.
10.
Tobey EA, Lincks J: Acoustic analyses of speech changes after maxillectomy and prosthodontic management. J Prosthet Dent 1989;62:449-455.
11.
Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM: Growth patterns of the face: a morphometric study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992;29:308-315.
12.
Malinowski A, Bozilow W: Podstawy Antropometrii: Metody, techniki, normy (The Basal Anthropometry: Methods, Techniques and Norms). Warszawa, PWN, 1997.
13.
Kolar JC: Ethnic differences in facial proportion; in Farkas LG, Munro IR (eds): Anthropometric Facial Proportion in Medicine. Springfield, Thomas, 1987, pp 19-28.
14.
Kolar JC, Salter EM: Craniofacial Anthropometry. Practical Measurement of Head and Face for Clinical, Surgical and Research Use. Springfield, Thomas, 1996, pp 231-245.
15.
Farkas LG: Anthropometry of the Head and Face, ed 2. New York, Raven Press, 1994.
16.
Hines J: Great Singers on Great Singing. New York, Limelight Editions, 2006.
17.
Report of the Workshop on Acoustic Resonance as a Source of Tissue Trauma in Cetaceans. April 24 and 25, 2002, Silver Spring. www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/acoustics/cetaceans.pdf.
18.
Stenfelt S: Acoustic and physiologic aspects of bone conduction hearing. Adv Othorhinolaryngol 2011;71:10-21.
19.
Husson R: Physiologie de la phonation. Paris, Masson, 1962.
20.
Mendes AP, Rothman HB, Sapienza C, Brown WS Jr: Effects of vocal training on the acoustic parameters of the singing voice. J Voice 2003;17:529-543.
21.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G, Miani A Jr: A computerized non-invasive method for the assessment of human facial volume. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1995;23:280-286.
22.
Dah-Jouonzo H, Baron P, Faure J: Correlation between the volume of the sinuses and the facial bones and parameters of 3D cephalometry. Orthod Fr 2007;78:265-281.
23.
Brattstrom V, Odenrick L, Leanderson R: Dentofacial morphology in professional opera singers. Acta Odontol Scand 1991;49:147-151.
24.
Muto T, Yamazaki A, Takeda S, Kawakami J, Tsuji Y, Shibata T, Mizoguchi I: Relationship between the pharyngeal space and craniofacial morphology, taking into account head posture. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;35:132-136.
25.
Tomatis A: Ucho i śpiew (Ear and Singing). Audio - Psycho - Fonologia. Lublin, UMCS, 1995.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.