The statement that traditional East Asian medicine has a history of several thousand years can operate as a bias. However, there is also a ‘publication bias’ stemming from the imbalance between formally tested traditional drugs and informally accumulated historical knowledge. Randomized controlled trials on traditional Kampo drugs must be done. In the meantime, the truth about the efficacy of both modern and traditional drugs does not lie in a single formal study, but lies in the continuous circle of experience and reevaluation – from phase I data to phase IV data.

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