References
1.
Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA: Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 1996;46:5–27.
2.
Dijkman GA, Debruyne FM: Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1996;30:281.
3.
Merril RM, Potosky AL, Feuer EJ: Changing trends in US prostate cancer incidence rates. JNCI 1996;88:1683–1685.
4.
Hoeksema MJ, Law C: Cancer mortality rates fall: A turning point for the nation. JNCI 1996;88:1706–1707.
5.
Newcomer LM, Stanford JL, Blumenstein BA, Brawer MK: Temporal trends in rates of prostate cancer: declining incidence of advanced stage disease, 1974 to 1994. J Urol 1997;158:1427–1430.
6.
Wingo PA, Landis S, Ries LAG: An adjustment to the 1997 estimate for new prostate cancer cases. CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:239–242.
7.
Walsh PC, Partin AW: Family history facilitates the early diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1997;80:1871–1874.
8.
Smith JR, Freije D, Carpten JD, Grondberg H, Xu J, Issacs SD, Brownstein MJ, Bova MJ, Guo H, Bujnovsky P, Nusskern DR, Damber JE, Bergh A, Emanuelsson M, Kallioniemi OP, Walker-Daniels J, Bailey-Wilson JE, Beaty TH, Meyers DA, Walsh PC, Collins FS, Trent JM, Isaacs WB: Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search. Science 1996;274:1371–1374.
9.
Cooney KA, McCarthy JD, Lange E, Huang L, Miesfeldt S, Montie JE, Oesterling JE, Sandler HM, Lange K: Prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q: A confirmatory study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:955–959.
10.
Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, Baker SM, Berlin M, McAdams M, Timmerman MM, Brody LC, Tucker MA: The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1401–1408.
11.
Kuppelian PA, Klein EA, Witte JS, Kuppelian VA, Suh JH: Familial prostate cancer: A different disease? J Urol 1997;158:2197–2201.
12.
Shibata A, Whittemore AS: Genetic predisposition to prostate cancer: possible explanations for ethnic differences in risk. Prostate 1997;32:65–72.
13.
Smith DS, Bullock AD, Datalona WJ, Herschman JD: Racial differences in a prostate cancer screening study. J Urol 1996;156:1366–1369.
14.
Henderson RJ, Eastham JA, Culkin DJ, Kattan MW, Whatley T, Mata J, Venable D, Sartor O: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and PSA density: Racial differences in men without prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:134–138.
15.
Morgan TO, Jacobsen SJ, Mccarthy WF, Jacobson DJ, McLeod DG, Moul JW: Age-specific reference ranges for serum prostate-specific antigen in black men. N Engl J Med 1996;335:304–310.
16.
Smith DS, Bullock AD, Catalona WJ: Racial differences in operating characteristics of prostate cancer screening tests. J Urol 1997;158:1861–1866.
17.
Taylor JA, Hirvonen A, Watson M, Pittman G, Mohler JL, Bell DA: Association of prostate cancer with vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism. Cancer Res 1996;56:4108–4110.
18.
Pienta KJ, Goodson JA, Esper PS: Epidemiology of prostate cancer: Molecular and environmental clues. Urology 1996;48:676–683.
19.
Harvei S, Bjerve KS, Tretli S, Jellum E, Robsahm TE, Vatten L: Prediagnostic level of fatty acids in serum phospholipids: Omega–3 and omega–6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 1997;71:545–551.
20.
Fleshner NE, Schaeffer A, Shike M, Dnistrian A, O’Sullivan M, Schwartz M, Fair WR: Effects of a low fat dietary plan on serum prostate specific antigen levels in men with negative prostate needle biopsies: preliminary results. J Urol 1997;157(suppl):A430.
21.
Morgentaler A, Bruning CO, DeWolf WC: Occult prostate cancer in men with low serum testosterone levels. JAMA 1996;276:1904–1906.
22.
Häggman MJ, Macoska JA, Wojno KJ, Oesterling JE: The relationship between prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer: Critical issues. J Urol 1997;158(1):12–22.
23.
Shibata M-A, Ward JM, Devor DE, Liu M-L, Green JE: Progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive carcinoma in C3(1)/SV40 large T antigenic transgenic mice: histopathological and molecular biological alterations. Cancer Res 1996;56:4894–4903.
24.
Qian J, Jenkins RB, Bostwick DG: Potential markers of aggressiveness in Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Eur Urol 1996;30:177–184.
25.
Häggman MJ, Wojno KJ, Pearsall CP, Macoska JA: Allelic loss of 8p sequences in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. Urology 1997;50:643–647.
26.
Bostwick DG, Oesterling JE, Mac Lennan G, Pacelli A, Abrahammson PA, Lilja H: PSA and Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1996;155(suppl):A1258.
27.
Montironi R, Diamanti L, Thompson D, Bartels HG, Bartels PH: Analysis of the capillary architecture in the precursors of prostate cancer; recent findings and new concepts. Eur Urol 1996;30:191–200.
28.
Janssen T, Petein M, Van Velthoven R, Van Leer P, Fourmarier M, Vanegas J-P, Danguy A, Schulman C, Pasteels J-L, Kiss R: Differential histochemical peanut agglutinin stain in benign and malignant human prostate tumors: Relationship with prostatic specific antigen immunostain and nuclear DNA content. Hum Pathol 1996;27:1341–1347.
29.
Wiley EL, Davidson P, McIntire DD, Sagalowsky AI: Risk of concurrent prostate cancer in cystoprostatectomy specimens is related to volume of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology 1997;49:692–696.
30.
Alexander EE, Qian J, Wollan PC, Myers RP, Bostwick DG: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia does not appear to raise serum prostate specific antigen concentration. Urology 1996;47:693–698.
31.
Raviv G, Zlotta AR, Janssen T, Descamps F, Vanegas JP, Verhest A, Schulman CC: Do prostatic specific antigen and prostatic specific antigen density enhance the detection of prostate carcinoma after initial diagnosis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia without concurrent carcinoma? Cancer 1996;77:2103–2108.
32.
Green J, Feneley MR, Young MP, Peeling B, Kirby RS, Parkinson C: The prevalence of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) in PSA from hospital practice and pilot screening: Clinical implications. J Urol 1996;155(suppl):A1266.
33.
Zlotta AR, Raviv G, Schulman CC: Clinical prognostic criteria for later diagnosis of prostate carcinoma in patients with isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur Urol 1996;30:249–255.
34.
Sheperd D, Keetch DW, Humphrey PA, Smith DS, Stahl D: Repeat biopsy strategy in men with isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostate needle biopsy. J Urol 1996;156:460–463.
35.
Langer JE, Rovner ES, Coleman BY, Yin D, Arger PH, Malkowicz SB, Nisenbaum HL, Rowling SE, Tomaszewski JE, Wein JE: Strategy for repeat biopsy of patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia detected by prostate needle biopsy. J Urol 1996;155:228–231.
36.
Keetch DW, Humphrey PA, Bubak DS: Extended follow-up and update of men with isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostate needle biopsy. J Urol 1996;155(suppl):A249.
37.
Nelson PS, Gleason TP, Brawer MK: Chemoprevention for prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur Urol 1996;30:269–278.
38.
Frydenberg M, Stricker PD, Kaye KW: Prostate cancer diagnosis and management. Lancet 1997;349:1681–1687.
39.
Woolf SH: Should we screen for prostate cancer? BMJ 1997;317:989–990.
40.
Catalona WJ: Early screening is important despite lack of data from trial (letter). BMJ 1997;315:187.
41.
Lu-Yao GL, Yao S-L: Population-based study of long-term survival in patients with clinically localised prostate cancer. Lancet 1997;349:906–910.
42.
Littrup PJ: Future benefits and cost-effectiveness of prostate carcinoma screening. Cancer 1997;80:1864–1870.
43.
Smith DS, Humphrey PA, Catalona WJ: The early detection of prostate carcinoma with prostate specific antigen: The Washington University Experience. Cancer 1997;80:1852–1856.
44.
Smart CR: The results of prostate carcinoma screening in the US, as reflected in the surveillance, epidemiology and end results. Cancer 1997;80:1835–1844.
45.
Brawley OW: Prostate carcinoma incidence and patient mortality. The effects of screening and early detection. Cancer 1997;80:1857–1863.
46.
Schröder FH, Bangma CH: The European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer (ERSPC). Br J Urol 1997;79(suppl 1):68–71.
47.
Norberg M, Egevad L, Holmberg L, Sparen P, Norlen BJ, Busch C: The sextant protocol for ultrasound-guided core biopsies of the prostate underestimates the presence of prostate cancer. Urology 1997;50:562–566.
48.
Eskew LA, Bare RL, McCullough DL: Systematic 5 region prostate biopsy is superior to sextant method for diagnosing carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1997;157:199–202.
49.
Chen ME, Troncoso P, Johnston DA, Tang K, Babaian RJ: Optimization of prostate biopsy strategy using computer based analysis. J Urol 1997;158:2168–2175.
50.
Wang X, Brannigan RE, Rademaker AW, McVary KT, Oyasu R: One core positive prostate biopsy is a poor predictor of cancer volume in the radical prostatectomy specimen. J Urol 1997;158:1431–1435.
51.
Brawer MK: Prostate-specific antigen: Critical issues. Urology 1994;44:9–17.
52.
Carter HB, Epstein JI, Chan DW, Fozard JL, Pearson JD: Recommended prostate-specific antigen testing intervals for the detection of curable prostate cancer. JAMA 1997;277:1456–1460.
53.
Abrahamsson PA, Lilja H, Oesterling JE: Molecular forms of serum prostate-specific antigen. Urol Clin N Am 1997;24:353–365.
54.
Akdas A, Cevik I, Tarcan T, Turkeri L, Dalaman G, Emerk K: The role of free prostate-specific antigen in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Br J Urol 1997;79:920–923.
55.
Bangma CH, Rietbergen JB, Kranse R, Blijenberg BG, Petterson K, Schroder FH: The free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio improves the specificity of prostate specific antigen in screening for prostate cancer in the general population. J Urol 1997;157:2191–2196.
56.
Morote J, Raventos CX, Lorente JA, Lopez-Pacios MA, Encabo G, de Torres I, Andreu J: Measurement of free PSA in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 1997;71:756–759.
57.
Stephan C, Lein M, Jung K, Schnorr D, Loening SA: The influence of prostate volume on the ratio of free to total prostate specific antigen in serum of patients with prostate carcinoma and benign prostate hyperplasia. Cancer 1991;79:104–109.
58.
Egawa S, Soh S, Ohori M, Uchida T, Gohji K, Fujii A, Kuwao S, Koshiba K: The ratio of free to total serum prostate specific antigen and its use in differential diagnosis of prostate carcinoma in Japan. Cancer 1997;1,79:90–98.
59.
Van Cangh PJ, De Nayer P, De Vischer L, Sauvage P, Tombal B, Lorge F, Wese FX, Opsomer R: Free to total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ratio improves the discrimination between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the diagnostic gray zone of 1.8 to 10 ng/ml total PSA. Urology 1996;48(6A suppl):67–70.
60.
Wolff JM, Borchers H, Effert PJ, Habib FK, Jakse G: Free-to-total prostate-specific antigen serum concentrations in patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 1996;78:409–413.
61.
Reissigl A, Klocker H, Pointner J, Fink K, Horninger W, Ennemoser O, Strasser H, Colleselli K, Holtl L, Bartsch G: Usefulness of the ratio free/total prostate-specific antigen in addition to total PSA levels in prostate cancer screening. Urology 1996;48(A suppl):62–66.
62.
Elgamal AA, Cornillie FJ, Van Poppel HP, Van de Voorde WM, McCabe R, Baert LV: Free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio as a single test for detection of significant stage T1c prostate cancer. J Urol 1996;156:1042–1047.
63.
Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, Brawer MK, Patel A, Flanigan RC, Richie JP, deKernion JB, Walsh PC, Scardino PT, Lange PH, Herschman JD, Subong ENP, Petteway JC, Parson RE, Loveland KG, Gasior GH, Southwick PC: A multicenter clinical trial evaluation of free PSA in the differentiation of prostate cancer from benign disease. J Urol 1997;157:A434.
64.
Ravery V, Boccon-Gibod L: Free/Total prostate-specific-antigen ratio – hope and controversies. Eur Urol 1997;31:385–388.
65.
Prestigiacomo AF, Lilja H, Petterson K, Wolfert RL, Stamey TA: A comparison of the free fraction of serum prostate specific antigen in men with benign and cancerous prostates: The best case scenario. J Urol 1996;156:350–354.
66.
Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ornstein DK: Prostate cancer detection in men with serum PSA concentrations of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/ml and benign prostate examination. Enhancement of specificity with free PSA measurements. JAMA 1997;277:1452–1455.
67.
Catalona WJ, Beiser JA, Smith DS: Serum free prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density measurements for predicting cancer in men with prior negative prostatic biopsies. J Urol 158:2162–2167.
68.
Vashi AR, Wojno KJ, Vessella RL, Lange PH, Wright GL, Schellhammer PF, Oesterling JE: Percent free PSA correlates directly with patient age. J Urol 1997;157(suppl):A432.
69.
Partin AW, Catalona WJ, Southwick PC, Subong EN, Gasior GH, Chan DW: Analysis of percent free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer detection: influence of total PSA, prostate volume, and age. Urology 1996;48(A suppl):55–61.
70.
Catalona WJ, Ornstein DK, Humphrey PA, Smith DS: Factors effecting the percentage of free serum prostate specific antigen levels in men without clinically detectable prostate cancer. J Urol 1997;157(suppl):A433.
71.
Haese A, Graefen M, Noldus J, Hammerer P, Huland E, Huland H: Prostatic volume and ratio of free-to-total prostate specific antigen in patients with prostatic cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1997;158:2188–2192.
72.
Carter HB, Partin AW, Chan DW, Luderer A, Pearson JD: Percentage of free PSA in sera predicts cancer aggressiveness: A longitudinal analysis. J Urol 1997;157(suppl):A444.
73.
Brawer MK, Wener MH, Rittenhouse HG, Wolfert RL: Proportion of free form of PSA explain the majority of bias between the Imx (Abbott) and Tandem (Hybritech) PSA assays. J Urol 1996;155(suppl):A424.
74.
Thiel RP, Oesterling JE, Wojno KJ, Partin AW, Chan DW, Carter HB, Stamey TA, Prestigiacomo AR, Brawer MK, Petteway JC, Carlson G, Luderer AA: Multicenter comparison of the diagnostic performance of free prostate-specific antigen. Urology 1996;48(A suppl):45–50.
75.
Archangeli CG, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, Catalona WJ: Stability of serum total and free prostate specific antigen under varying storage intervals and temperatures. J Urol 1997;158:2182–2187.
76.
Kurita Y, Ushiyama T, Suzuki K, Fujita K, Kawabe K: PSA value adjusted for the transition zone volume in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Int J Urol 1996;3:367–372.
77.
Zlotta AR, Djavan B, Marberger M, Schulman CC: Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone: A new effective parameter for prostate cancer prediction. J Urol 1997;157:1315–1321.
78.
Maeda H, Arai Y, Ishitoya S, Okubo K, Aoki Y, Okada T: Prostate specific antigen adjusted for the transition zone volume as an indicator of prostate cancer. J Urol 1997;158:2193–2196.
79.
Kiewert A, Loch T, Küppers F, Schmidt S, Stöckle M: Correlation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum levels with prostatic glandular zone volumes. J Urol 1997;157(suppl):A453.
80.
Creasy T, Lesna M, Rundle D, Bramble J, Morley R: Central gland PSA density: A more sensitive tool for the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1997;157(suppl):A209.
81.
Horninger W, Reissigl A, Klockler H, Höltl L, Fink K, Bartsch G: Improvement of early detection of prostate cancer by using PSA-transitional zone density (PSA-TZ density) and percent free PSA in addition to total PSA levels. J Urol 1997;157(suppl):A454.
82.
Djavan B, Zlotta AR, Byttebier G, Mercan D, Schulman CC, Marberger M: Comparison of prostate specific antigen density of the total and of the transition zone, free/total PSA ratio and PSA velocity for prostate cancer prediction: a multivariate analysis. Br J Urol 1997;80(suppl 2):A959.
83.
Reissigl A, Horninger W, Fink K, Klocker H, Bartsch G: Prostate carcinoma screening in the County of Tyrol, Austria. Cancer 1997;80:1818–1829.
84.
Brawer MK, Meyer GE, Petteway JC: Serum basic fibroblast growth factor level predicts carcinoma in men with PSA <4.0 ng/ml. Eur Urol 1996;30(suppl 2):A25.
85.
Darson MF, Pacelli A, Roche P, Rittenhouse HG, Wolfert RL, Young CY, Klee GG, Tindall DJ, Bostwick DG: Human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma: A novel prostate cancer marker. Urology 1997;49:857–862.
86.
Corey E, Buhler K, Vessella R: Cross-reactivity of ten anti-prostate-specific antigen monoclonal antibodies with human glandular kallikrein. Urology 1997;50:567–572.
1998
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or...
1998
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
