... drug intake were collected and converted to levodopa equivalent doses (LED). Results: The average total score of PDSS in 232 patients was 119.3 ± 19.7. There was a significant difference in PDSS scores between groups classified by the Hoehn-Yahr (H&Y) stage, but not between the groups classified...

...Heinz Reichmann; Karla Eggert; Christian Oehlwein; Tobias Warnecke; Andrew J. Lees; Michael Kemmer; Patrício Soares-da-Silva Introduction: The OPTIPARK study confirmed the effectiveness and safety of opicapone as adjunct therapy to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and motor...

...Jiang-Ping Cai; Wan-Jin Chen; Yu Lin; Bin Cai; Ning Wang Background: To assess the safety and efficacy of rasagiline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) among individuals currently receiving levodopa. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify randomised controlled...

... ± 8.17 years; disease duration, 4.34 ± 4.03 years; modified Hoehn and Yahr stage, 2.37 ± 0.98, and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part 3 motor score, 16.6 ± 7.37. Fourteen patients came to the clinic due to constipation; 16 patients were taking 288 ± 72 mg/day levodopa/carbidopa, 2 were taking...

...Fabrizio Stocchi; Peter Jenner; Jose A. Obeso Although levodopa provides therapeutic benefit over the entire course of Parkinson’s disease, most patients eventually notice a decline in the duration of benefit from each dose, a phenomenon termed ‘wearing-off’ or ‘end of dose’ deterioration...

... to in the content or advertisements. Parkinson’s disease Dopamine agonists Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors Levodopa The treatment options for Parkinson’s disease (PD) are rapidly expanding. The American Academy of Neurology published evidence-based practice parameters of selected topics...

... of the article reviews key findings relevant to the assessment of potential neuroprotective therapies and the treatment of non-motor symptoms. Parkinson’s disease Dopamine agonists Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors Levodopa The treatment options for Parkinson’s disease (PD) are rapidly expanding...

...Alain Destée; Karin Rérat; Isabelle Bourdeix Two strategies to manage symptom re-emergence due to wearing-off with conventional levodopa/dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI) therapy were compared in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in this randomized, open-label trial. PD patients receiving 3...

...Robert A. Hauser Levodopa has been the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) for more than 40 years. During this time, researchers have strived to optimize levodopa formulations to minimize side effects, enhance central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability, and achieve stable...

...Elmyra V. Encarnacion; Robert A. Hauser Levodopa is the most effective agent to alleviate motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease but its long-term use is associated with the development of dyskinesias. Although the pathogenic processes behind the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias...

...Norio Ogawa Recent studies have suggested that free radicals play a key role in the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although levodopa is the most effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of PD and has improved the quality of life and increased life expectancy, its beneficial effects...

... of bromocriptine with levodopa. Patients who had never been treated with levodopa were placed on bromocriptine monotherapy, and those who had been treated with levodopa for not more than 5 years were allocated randomly to either the combination or the levodopa group. Two hundred and eighty-six patients were...

...Yoshikuni Mizuno The nation-wide collaborative study on the bromocriptine monotherapy and bromocriptine-levodopa combination therapy was completed in November 1990, and the results were reported during the symposium on the Long-Term Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease held in Tokyo in October 1991...

... of bromocriptine in the patients with Parkinson’s disease are reported. This prospective study started in May 1985 in order to see whether the early combination therapy with bromocriptine and levodopa is really superior to the levodopa monotherapy with regard to the late side effects of levodopa in the treatment...

... with Parkinson’s disease was completed as described in the accompanying paper. The present study analysed the same data by paying attention to a group of patients who maintained the original mode of therapy and to a group of patients who changed the mode of treatment by adding levodopa or bromocriptine...

... of plasma dopamine compared to plasma L-dopa after dosing. The L-dopa-induced reduction in BP was thought to be due to a central nervous mechanism. 11 07 1989 14 09 1989 14 2 2008 Blood pressure Hypotension Levodopa Dopamine Parkinson’s disease Parkinsonism Monoamines...

...Johannes Schwarz; Klaus Scheidtmann; Claudia Trenkwalder The combination of levodopa and a dopamine agonist in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease often reduces the severity of motor fluctuations. In patients with very severe motor fluctuations, monotherapy with continuous...

... examination and plasma levodopa (LD) measured at hourly intervals (9 a.m.-4 p.m.). For the group as a whole, variations throughout the day of plasma LD and clinical state were no different on the 2 formulations. Three patients whose fluctuations responded well to CR-4 had either much less variable plasma LD...

...Pierpaola Benetello; Mario Furlanut; Gabriella Zara; Massimo Baraldo; Eid Hassan The paper reports plasma levels of levodopa (LD), its main metabolites [dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, 3-O-methyldopa (3-O-MD)] and carbidopa in 14 parkinsonian patients first treated...

...A. Grahnén; S.-Å. Eckernäs; C. Collin; A. Ling-Andersson; G. Tiger; M. Nilsson The multiple-dose (200 mg levodopa t.i.d.) pharmacokinetic profile of two controlled-release products of levodopa (Madopar® HBS and Sinemet® CR) was compared to conventional Madopar capsules in 18 healthy volunteers...