Background: Insomnia is a highly common sleep disorder in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Yet, no screening questionnaires following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) criteria have been validated in PD patients. Objectives: We assessed the validity and reliability of the French version of the sleep condition indicator (SCI), in patients with PD. Methods: In a sample of 65 patients (46% women, mean age 63.8 ± 7.9 years) with PD, but without dementia, insomnia was assessed with a clinical interview and the SCI. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the reliability, construct validity, and divergent validity of the SCI. In addition, an explanatory factor analysis was performed to assess the underlying structure of the SCI. Results: Of the 65 patients (mean duration PD 9.7 ± 6.9 years), 51% met the criteria for insomnia disorder when measured with a clinical interview. The mean SCI score was 18.05 ± 8.3. The internal consistency (α = 0.89) of the SCI was high. Using the previously defined cutoff value of ≤16, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.86 with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 87%. Exploratory factor analysis showed a 2-factor structure with a focus on sleep and daytime effects. Additionally, good construct and divergent validity were demonstrated. Conclusion: The SCI can be used as a valid and reliable screener for DSM-5 insomnia disorder in PD patients. Due to its short length, it is useful in both clinical practice and scientific research.

1.
Chung
S
,
Bohnen
NI
,
Albin
RL
,
Frey
KA
,
Müller
ML
,
Chervin
RD
.
Insomnia and sleepiness in Parkinson disease: associations with symptoms and comorbidities
.
J Clin Sleep Med
.
2013
;
9
(
11
):
1131
7
. .
2.
Ratti
PL
,
Nègre-Pagès
L
,
Pérez-Lloret
S
,
Manni
R
,
Damier
P
,
Tison
F
,
Subjective sleep dysfunction and insomnia symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: insights from a cross-sectional evaluation of the French CoPark cohort
.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord
.
2015
;
21
(
11
):
1323
9
. .
3.
Zhu
K
,
van Hilten
JJ
,
Marinus
J
.
The course of insomnia in Parkinson’s disease
.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord
.
2016
;
33
:
51
7
. .
4.
Ylikoski
A
,
Martikainen
K
,
Sieminski
M
,
Partinen
M
.
Parkinson’s disease and insomnia
.
Neurol Sci
.
2015
;
36
(
11
):
2003
10
. .
5.
Gjerstad
MD
,
Wentzel-Larsen
T
,
Aarsland
D
,
Larsen
JP
.
Insomnia in Parkinson’s disease: frequency and progression over time
.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
.
2007
;
78
(
5
):
476
9
. .
6.
Tholfsen
LK
,
Larsen
JP
,
Schulz
J
,
Tysnes
OB
,
Gjerstad
MD
.
Changes in insomnia subtypes in early Parkinson disease
.
Neurology
.
2017
;
88
(
4
):
352
8
. .
7.
Oerlemans
WG
,
de Weerd
AW
.
The prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease. A self-reported, community-based survey
.
Sleep Med
.
2002
;
3
(
2
):
147
9
. .
8.
Verbaan
D
,
van Rooden
SM
,
Visser
M
,
Marinus
J
,
van Hilten
JJ
.
Nighttime sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson’s disease
.
Mov Disord
.
2008
;
23
(
1
):
35
41
. .
9.
Shafazand
S
,
Wallace
DM
,
Arheart
KL
,
Vargas
S
,
Luca
CC
,
Moore
H
,
Insomnia, sleep quality, and quality of life in mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease
.
Ann Am Thorac Soc
.
2017
;
14
(
3
):
412
9
. .
10.
Kurtis
MM
,
Rodriguez-Blazquez
C
,
Martinez-Martin
P
,
Group
E
.
Relationship between sleep disorders and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease
.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord
.
2013
;
19
(
12
):
1152
5
. .
11.
Mahale
R
,
Yadav
R
,
Pal
PK
.
Quality of sleep in young onset Parkinson’s disease: any difference from older onset Parkinson’s disease
.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord
.
2015
;
21
(
5
):
461
4
. .
12.
Sobreira-Neto
MA
,
Pena-Pereira
MA
,
Sobreira
EST
,
Chagas
MHN
,
Fernandes
RMF
,
Tumas
V
,
High frequency of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease and its relationship with quality of life
.
Eur Neurol
.
2017
;
78
(
5–6
):
330
7
. .
13.
AmericanPsychiatryAssociation
.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
. 4th ed.
Washington, DC
:
American Psychiatry Association
;
2000
.
14.
AASM
.
International classification of sleep disorders (ICSD3)
. 3rd ed.
Westchester, IL
:
American academy of sleep medicine
;
2014
.
15.
Espie
CA
,
Kyle
SD
,
Hames
P
,
Gardani
M
,
Fleming
L
,
Cape
J
.
The sleep condition indicator: a clinical screening tool to evaluate insomnia disorder
.
BMJ Open
.
2014
;
4
(
3
):
e004183
. .
16.
Espie
CA
,
Farias Machado
P
,
Carl
JR
,
Kyle
SD
,
Cape
J
,
Siriwardena
AN
,
The sleep condition indicator: reference values derived from a sample of 200,000 adults
.
J Sleep Res
.
2017
.
17.
Bayard
S
,
Lebrun
C
,
Maudarbocus
KH
,
Schellaert
V
,
Joffre
A
,
Ferrante
E
,
Validation of a French version of the sleep condition indicator: a clinical screening tool for insomnia disorder according to DSM-5 criteria
.
J Sleep Res
.
2017
.
18.
Wong
ML
,
Lau
NTK
,
Espie
CA
,
Luik
AI
,
Simon
DK
,
Lau
EYY
.
Psychometric properties of the sleep condition indicator and insomnia severity index in the evaluatin of insomnia disorder
.
Sleep Medicine
.
2016
.
19.
Palagini
L
,
Ragno
G
,
Caccavale
L
,
Gronchi
A
,
Terzaghi
M
,
Mauri
M
,
Italian validation of the sleep condition indicator: a clinical screening tool to evaluate insomnia disorder according to DSM-5 criteria
.
Int J Psychophysiol
.
2015
;
98
(
3 Pt 1
):
435
40
. .
20.
Hughes
AJ
,
Daniel
SE
,
Kilford
L
,
Lees
AJ
.
Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases
.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
.
1992
;
55
(
3
):
181
4
. .
21.
Larouche
E
,
Tremblay
MP
,
Potvin
O
,
Laforest
S
,
Bergeron
D
,
Laforce
R
,
Normative data for the montreal cognitive assessment in middle-aged and elderly Quebec-French people
.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol
.
2016
.
22.
Emre
M
,
Aarsland
D
,
Brown
R
,
Burn
DJ
,
Duyckaerts
C
,
Mizuno
Y
,
Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease
.
Mov Disord
.
2007
;
22
(
12
):
1689
837
. .
23.
Bastien
CH
,
Vallières
A
,
Morin
CM
.
Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research
.
Sleep Med
.
2001
;
2
(
4
):
297
307
. .
24.
Nasreddine
ZS
,
Phillips
NA
,
Bédirian
V
,
Charbonneau
S
,
Whitehead
V
,
Collin
I
,
The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
.
J Am Geriatr Soc
.
2005
;
53
(
4
):
695
9
. .
25.
Netzer
NC
,
Stoohs
RA
,
Netzer
CM
,
Clark
K
,
Strohl
KP
.
Using the Berlin questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome
.
Ann Intern Med
.
1999
;
131
(
7
):
485
91
. .
26.
Postuma
RB
,
Arnulf
I
,
Hogl
B
,
Iranzo
A
,
Miyamoto
T
,
Dauvilliers
Y
,
A single-question screen for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter validation study
.
Mov Disord
.
2012
;
27
(
7
):
913
6
. .
27.
Beck
AT
,
Steer
RA
,
Brown
GK
.
Inventaire de Dépression de Beck 2ème
.
Paris, France
:
Editions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquée
;
1998
.
28.
Leentjens
AF
,
Dujardin
K
,
Pontone
GM
,
Starkstein
SE
,
Weintraub
D
,
Martinez-Martin
P
.
The Parkinson anxiety scale (PAS): development and validation of a new anxiety scale
.
Mov Disord
.
2014
;
29
(
8
):
1035
43
. .
29.
Weston
R
,
Gore
PA
.
A brief guide to structural equation modeling
.
Couns Psychol
.
2006
;
34
(
5
):
719
51
. .
30.
Högl
B
,
Arnulf
I
,
Comella
C
,
Ferreira
J
,
Iranzo
A
,
Tilley
B
,
Scales to assess sleep impairment in Parkinson’s disease: critique and recommendations
.
Mov Disord
.
2010
;
25
(
16
):
2704
16
. .
31.
Visser
M
,
Verbaan
D
,
van Rooden
S
,
Marinus
J
,
van Hilten
J
,
Stiggelbout
A
.
A longitudinal evaluation of health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease
.
Value Health
.
2009
;
12
(
2
):
392
6
. .
32.
Lebrun
C
,
Gély-Nargeot
M-C
,
Rossignol
A
,
Geny
C
,
Bayard
S
.
Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia comorbid to Parkinson’s disease: a focus on psychological and daytime functioning with a single-case design with multiple baselines
.
J Clin Psychol
.
2020 Mar
;
76
(
3
):
356
76
.
33.
Morin
CM
,
Benca
R
.
Chronic insomnia
.
Lancet
.
2012
;
379
(
9821
):
1129
41
. .
34.
Schellaert
V
,
Labauge
P
,
Lebrun
C
,
Maudarbocus
KH
,
Bernard
J
,
Blache
JB
,
Psychological processes associated with insomnia in patients with multiple sclerosis
.
Sleep
.
2018
;
41
(
3
). .
35.
Cochen De Cock
V
,
Abouda
M
,
Leu
S
,
Oudiette
D
,
Roze
E
,
Vidailhet
M
,
Is obstructive sleep apnea a problem in Parkinson’s disease?
Sleep Med
.
2010
;
11
(
3
):
247
52
. .
36.
da Silva-Júnior
FP
,
do Prado
GF
,
Barbosa
ER
,
Tufik
S
,
Togeiro
SM
.
Sleep disordered breathing in Parkinson’s disease: a critical appraisal
.
Sleep Med Rev
.
2014
;
18
(
2
):
173
8
. .
37.
Sobreira-Neto
MA
,
Pena-Pereira
MA
,
Sobreira
EST
,
Chagas
MHN
,
de Almeida
CMO
,
Fernandes
RMF
,
Chronic insomnia in patients with Parkinson disease: which associated factors are relevant?
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol
.
2020
;
33
(
1
):
22
7
. .
38.
Cochen De Cock
V
,
Benard-Serre
N
,
Driss
V
,
Granier
M
,
Charif
M
,
Carlander
B
,
Supine sleep and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in Parkinson’s disease
.
Sleep Med
.
2015
;
16
(
12
):
1497
501
. .
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.