Background/Aims: Research indicates that rates of gambling problems are increasing in the UK, but has provided limited consideration of possible implications for individuals, families and communities. This study examines the associations involving problem gambling and indicators of mental and physical health, as well as psychosocial adjustment and health care usage, in a representative sample from England. Methods: Data were derived from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, which is a representative study of adults (n = 7,403). Regression models evaluated the correlates of problem gambling. Results: There were associations with problem gambling and mental health (anxiety, neurotic symptoms and substance use problems) and psychosocial maladjustment (suicidality, financial difficulties and social support). There were limited influences on physical health that were beyond socioeconomic factors and substance use problems. Notwithstanding, the results demonstrated over-representation of gambling problems in certain health-care settings. Conclusions: Findings support recognition of problem gambling as a public health concern in the UK, and initiatives for intervening in health-care services where conditions are over-represented.

1.
Wardle H, Seabury C: Gambling behavior; In Craig R, Mindell J (eds): Health Survey for England 2012: Health, Social Care and Lifestyles. Leeds, Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2013.
2.
American Psychiatric Association: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 5. Washington, 2013.
3.
Delfabbro P: Problem and pathological gambling: a conceptual review. J Gambl Bus Econ 2013;7:35-53.
4.
Shaffer HJ, Korn DA: Gambling and related mental disorders: a public health analysis. Annu Rev Public Health 2002;23:171-212.
5.
Wardle H, Griffiths MD, Orford J, Moody A, Volberg R: Gambling in Britain: a time of change? Health implications from the British gambling prevalence survey 2010. Int J Ment Health Addict 2012;10:273-277.
6.
Blaszczynski A, Collins P, Fong D, Ladouceur R, Nower L, Shaffer H, Tavares H, Venisse J: Responsible gambling: general principles and minimal requirements. J Gambl Stud 2011;27:565-573.
7.
Cowlishaw S, Merkouris S, Dowling N, Anderson C, Jackson A, Thomas S: Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;11:CD008937.
8.
Suurvali H, Hodgins DC, Toneatto T, Cunningham JA: Hesitation to seek gambling-related treatment among Ontario problem gamblers. J Addict Med 2012;6:39-49.
9.
Griffiths M: Gambling Addiction and Its Treatment Within the NHS: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, British Medical Association, 2007.
10.
UK National Screening Committee: Programme appraisal criteria. http://www.screening.nhs.uk/criteria (accessed August 20, 2014).
11.
Petry NM, Stinson FS, Grant BF: Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:564-574.
12.
Kessler RC, Hwang I, LaBrie R, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Winters KC, Shaffer HJ: DSM-IV pathological gambling in the national comorbidity survey replication. Psychol Med 2008;38:1351-1360.
13.
Bischof A, Meyer C, Bischof G, Kastirke N, John U, Rumpf HJ: Comorbid axis I-disorders among subjects with pathological, problem, or at-risk gambling recruited from the general population in Germany: results of the PAGE study. Psychiatry Res 2013;210:1065-1070.
14.
Nordmyr J, Forsman AK, Wahlbeck K, Björkqvist K, Österman K: Associations between problem gambling, socio-demographics, mental health factors and gambling type: sex differences among Finnish gamblers. Int Gambl Stud 2014;14:39-52.
15.
Orford J, Wardle H, Griffiths M, Sproston K, Erens B: The role of social factors in gambling: evidence from the 2007 British gambling prevalence survey. Community Work Fam 2010;13:257-271.
16.
Griffiths M, Wardle H, Orford J, Sproston K, Erens B: Gambling, alcohol, consumption, cigarette smoking and health: findings from the 2007 British gambling prevalence survey. Addict Res Theory 2010;18:208-223.
17.
Black DW, Shaw M, McCormick B, Allen J: Pathological gambling: relationship to obesity, self-reported chronic medical conditions, poor lifestyle choices, and impaired quality of life. Compr Psychiatry 2013;54:97-104.
18.
Potenza MN, Fiellin DA, Heninger GR, Rounsaville BJ, Mazure CM: Gambling: an addictive behavior with health and primary care implications. J Gen Int Med 2002;17:721-732.
19.
Morasco BJ, Pietrzak RH, Blanco C, Grant BF, Hasin D, Petry NM: Health problems and medical utilization associated with gambling disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Psychosom Med 2006;68:976-984.
20.
Afifi TO, Cox BJ, Martens PJ, Sareen J, Enns MW: The relationship between problem gambling and mental and physical health correlates among a nationally representative sample of Canadian women. Can J Public Health 2010;101:171-175.
21.
Williams RJ, Volberg RA, Stevens RM: The Population Prevalence of Problem Gambling: Methodological Influences, Standardized Rates, Jurisdictional Differences, and Worldwide Trends. Toronto, Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, 2013.
22.
Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y: Drug use and problem drinking associated with primary care and emergency room utilization in the US general population: data from the 2005 national alcohol survey. Drug Alcohol Depen 2008;97:226-230.
23.
Smith PC, Schmidt SM, Allensworth-Davies D, Saitz R: A single-question screening test for drug use in primary care. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1155-1160.
24.
McManus S, Meltzer H, Brugha T, Bebbington P, Jenkins R: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England, 2007: Results of a Household Survey. Leeds, NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care, 2009.
25.
Rai D, Hall W, Bebbington P, Skapinakis P, Hassiotis A, Weich S, Meltzer H, Moran P, Brugha T, Strydom A, Farrell M: Estimated verbal IQ and the odds of problem gambling: a population-based study. Psychol Med 2014;44:1739-1749.
26.
McCambridge J, Rollnick S: Should brief interventions in primary care address alcohol problems more strongly? Addiction 2014;109:1054-1058.
27.
Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. Geneva, World Health Organisation, 2001.
28.
Malgady RG, Rogler LH, Tryon WW: Issues of validity in the diagnostic interview schedule. J Psychiatr Res 1992;26:59-67.
29.
Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya R, Dunn G: Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychol Med 1992;22:465-486.
30.
Ware J Jr, Kosinski M, Keller SD: A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996;34:220-233.
31.
Brugha TS, Morgan Z, Bebbington P, Jenkins R, Lewis G, Farrell M, Meltzer H: Social support networks and type of neurotic symptom among adults in British households. Psychol Med 2003;33:307-318.
32.
Slutske WS, Eisen S, True WR, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M: Common genetic vulnerability for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:666-673.
33.
Bondolfi G, Jermann F, Ferrero F, Zullino D, Osiek C: Prevalence of pathological gambling in Switzerland after the opening of casinos and the introduction of new preventive legislation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008;117:236-239.
34.
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE: Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:593-602.
35.
Battersby M, Tolchard B, Scurrah M, Thomas L: Suicide ideation and behaviour in people with pathological gambling attending a treatment service. Int J Ment Health Addict 2006;4:233-246.
36.
Petry NM, Kiluk BD: Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. J Nerv Ment Dis 2002;190:462-469.
37.
Séguin M, Boyer R, Lesage A, McGirr A, Suissa A, Tousignant M, Turecki G: Suicide and gambling: psychopathology and treatment-seeking. Psychol Addict Behav 2010;24:541-547.
38.
Newman SC, Thompson AH: A population-based study of the association between pathological gambling and attempted suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2003;33:80-87.
39.
Andersen R, Newman JF: Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the United States. Milbank Q 2005;83:1-28.
40.
Volberg RA, Munck IM, Petry NM: A quick and simple screening method for pathological and problem gamblers in addiction programs and practices. Am J Addict 2011;20:220-227.
41.
Rigbye J, Griffiths MD: Problem gambling treatment within the British national health service. Int J Ment Health Addict 2011;9:276-281.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.