The number of tattooed people has substantially increased in the past years. Surveys in different countries reveal this to be up to 24% of the population. The number of reported adverse reactions after tattooing has also increased including infections, granulomatous and allergic reactions and tumors. However, the case reports do not reflect the frequency of adverse reactions. This review compares the medically documented adverse reactions published in 1991-2011 with the findings of a nation-wide survey that recently revealed the features and health problems associated with tattoos. To compare the data with the survey, the sex of patients was reported and the location and color of tattoos were evaluated. The results show clearly that colored tattoo inks are mainly responsible for adverse skin reactions and that tattoos on the extremities are involved most.

1.
Dorfer L, Moser M, Bahr F, Spindler K, Egarter-Vigl E, Giullen S, Dohr G, Kenner T: A medical report from the Stone Age? Lancet 1999;354:1023-1025.
2.
Ortiz AE, Alster TS: Rising concern over cosmetic tattoos. Dermatol Surg 2012;38:424-429.
3.
Engel E, Vasold R, Santarelli F, Maisch T, Gopee NV, Howard PC, Landthaler M, Baumler W: Tattooing of skin results in transportation and light-induced decomposition of tattoo pigments - a first quantification in vivo using a mouse model. Exp Dermatol 2010;19:54-60.
4.
Anderson LL, Cardone JS, McCollough ML, Grabski WJ: Tattoo pigment mimicking metastatic malignant melanoma. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:92-94.
5.
Bordea C, Latifaj B, Jaffe W: Delayed presentation of tattoo lymphadenopathy mimicking malignant melanoma lymphadenopathy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:e283-e285.
6.
Jaigirdar AA, Yeh MW, Sharifi E, Browne LW, Leong SP: Coexisting tattoo pigment and metastatic melanoma in the same sentinel lymph node. J Cutan Med Surg 2009;13:321-325.
7.
Kurle S, Schulte KW, Homey B: Accumulation of tattoo pigment in sentinel lymph nodes. Hautarzt 2009;60:781-783.
8.
Moehrle M, Blaheta HJ, Ruck P: Tattoo pigment mimics positive sentinel lymph node in melanoma. Dermatology 2001;203:342-344.
9.
Schlager A, Laser A, Melamed J, Guth AA: A tattoo-pigmented node masquerading as the sentinel node in a case of breast cancer. Breast J 2008;14:299-300.
10.
Zirkin HJ, Avinoach I, Edelwitz P: A tattoo and localized lymphadenopathy: a case report. Cutis 2001;67:471-472.
11.
Wenzel SM, Welzel J, Hafner C, Landthaler M, Baumler W: Permanent make-up colorants may cause severe skin reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2010;63:223-227.
12.
Lehner K, Santarelli F, Vasold R, Konig B, Landthaler M, Baumler W: Black tattoo inks are a source of problematic substances such as dibutyl phthalate. Contact Dermatitis 2011;65:231-238.
13.
Regensburger J, Lehner K, Maisch T, Vasold R, Santarelli F, Engel E, Gollmer A, Konig B, Landthaler M, Baumler W: Tattoo inks contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that additionally generate deleterious singlet oxygen. Exp Dermatol 2010;19:e275-e281.
14.
Jaeger C, Jappe U: Manifestation einer Nickelallergie als Kontaktdermatitis auf Permanent-Make-up. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2005;3:527-529.
15.
Corazza M, Zampino MR, Montanari A, Pagnoni A, Virgili A: Lichenoid reaction from a permanent red tattoo: has nickel a possible aetiologic role? Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:114-115.
16.
Baier J, Maisch T, Maier M, Engel E, Landthaler M, Baumler W: Singlet oxygen generation by UVA light exposure of endogenous photosensitizers. Biophys J 2006;91:1452-1459.
17.
Huxley C, Grogan S: Tattooing, piercing, healthy behaviours and health value. J Health Psychol 2005;10:831-841.
18.
Klugl I, Hiller KA, Landthaler M, Baumler W: Incidence of health problems associated with tattooed skin: a nation-wide survey in German-speaking countries. Dermatology 2010;221:43-50.
19.
Baumler W, Eibler ET, Hohenleutner U, Sens B, Sauer J, Landthaler M: Q-switch laser and tattoo pigments: first results of the chemical and photophysical analysis of 41 compounds. Lasers Surg Med 2000;26:13-21.
20.
Amann U, Luger TA, Metze D: Lichenoid pseudolymphomatous tattooing reaction. Hautarzt 1997;48:410-413.
21.
Litak J, Ke MS, Gutierrez MA, Soriano T, Lask GP: Generalized lichenoid reaction from tattoo. Dermatol Surg 2007;33:736-740.
22.
Chave TA, Mortimer NJ, Johnston GA: Simultaneous pseudolymphomatous and lichenoid tattoo reactions triggered by re-tattooing. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29:197-199.
23.
Gutermuth J, Hein R, Fend F, Ring J, Jakob T: Cutaneous pseudolymphoma arising after tattoo placement. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:566-567.
24.
Mortimer NJ, Chave TA, Johnston GA: Red tattoo reactions. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28:508-510.
25.
Cook J, Metcalf J: Images in clinical medicine. Tattoo allergy. N Engl J Med 2009;361:e1.
26.
Kluger N: Cutaneous complications related to permanent decorative tattooing. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010;6:363-371.
27.
Morales-Callaghan AM Jr, Aguilar-Bernier M Jr, Martinez-Garcia G, Miranda-Romero A: Sarcoid granuloma on black tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:S71-S73.
28.
Ghorpade A: Inoculation sarcoidal granulomas on blue-black tattoos in seven ladies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:349-350.
29.
Ali SM, Gilliam AC, Brodell RT: Sarcoidosis appearing in a tattoo. J Cutan Med Surg 2008;12:43-48.
30.
Papageorgiou PP, Hongcharu W, Chu AC: Systemic sarcoidosis presenting with multiple tattoo granulomas and an extra-tattoo cutaneous granuloma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999;12:51-53.
31.
Jones MS, Maloney ME, Helm KF: Systemic sarcoidosis presenting in the black dye of a tattoo. Cutis 1997;59:113-115.
32.
Collins P, Evans AT, Gray W, Levison DA: Pulmonary sarcoidosis presenting as a granulomatous tattoo reaction. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:658-662.
33.
Sowden JM, Cartwright PH, Smith AG, Hiley C, Slater DN: Sarcoidosis presenting with a granulomatous reaction confined to red tattoos. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:446-448.
34.
Colp CR, Goldfarb R, Ongseng F: Value of gallium imaging in the evaluation of tattoo granulomas due to sarcoidosis. Chest 1991;100:1737-1738.
35.
Bendsoe N, Hansson C, Sterner O: Inflammatory reactions from organic pigments in red tattoos. Acta Derm Venereol 1991;71:70-73.
36.
Balfour E, Olhoffer I, Leffell D, Handerson T: Massive pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia: an unusual reaction to a tattoo. Am J Dermatopathol 2003;25:338-340.
37.
Duke D, Urioste SS, Dover JS, Anderson RR: A reaction to a red lip cosmetic tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:488-490.
38.
Goldstein N: Mercury-cadmium sensitivity in tattoos. A photoallergic reaction in red pigment. Ann Intern Med 1967;67:984-989.
39.
Kluger N, Terru D, Godreuil S: Bacteriological and fungal survey of commercial tattoo inks used in daily practice in a tattoo parlour. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:1230-1231.
40.
Heudorf U, Kutzke G, Seng U: Tattooing and body piercing - experiences from public health infection surveillance by a public health office. Gesundheitswesen 2000;62:219-224.
41.
Hellard ME, Aitken CK, Hocking JS: Tattooing in prisons - not such a pretty picture. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:477-480.
42.
Nishioka Sde A, Gyorkos TW, Joseph L, Collet JP, Maclean JD: Tattooing and risk for transfusion-transmitted diseases: the role of the type, number and design of the tattoos, and the conditions in which they were performed. Epidemiol Infect 2002;128:63-71.
43.
Brajac I, Loncarek K, Stojnic-Sosa L, Gruber F: Delayed onset of warts over tattoo mark provoked by sunburn. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:247-248.
44.
Kluger N, Muller C, Gral N: Atypical mycobacteria infection following tattooing: review of an outbreak in 8 patients in a French tattoo parlor. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:941-942.
45.
Ammirati CT: What is your diagnosis? Tinea in tattoo. Cutis 2004;73:228, 232.
46.
Alexandridou A, Reginald AY, Stavrou P, Kirkby GR: Candida endophthalmitis after tattooing in an asplenic patient. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:518-519.
47.
Kluger N, Cotten H, Magana C, Pinquier L: Dermatofibroma occurring within a tattoo: report of two cases. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:696-698.
48.
Hannah H, Falder S, Steele PR, Dhital SK: Tattoo pigment masquerading as secondary malignant melanoma. Br J Plast Surg 2000;53:359.
49.
Kluger N, Koljonen V: Tattoos, inks, and cancer. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:e161-e168.
50.
Kluger N, Cohen-Valensi R, Nezri M: Black lymph nodes - and a colourful skin. Lancet 2008;371:1214.
51.
Gall N, Brocker EB, Becker JC: Particularities in managing melanoma patients with tattoos: case report and review of the literature. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007;5:1120-1121.
52.
Kluger N, Catala D, Thibaut I: Naevus and tattooing: a matter of concern. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:767-768.
53.
Ozyazgan I, Kontacs O: Basal cell carcinoma arising from surgical scars: a case and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:965-968.
54.
Engel E, Ulrich H, Vasold R, Konig B, Landthaler M, Suttinger R, Baumler W: Azo pigments and a basal cell carcinoma at the thumb. Dermatology 2008;216:76-80.
55.
Jacob CI: Tattoo-associated dermatoses: a case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:962-965.
56.
Punzi L, Rizzi E, Pianon M, Rossini P, Gambari PF: Tattooing-induced psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:1133-1134.
57.
Horner KL, Chien AJ, Edenholm M, Hornung RL: Winnie the Pooh and psoriasis too: an isomorphic response of guttate psoriasis in a tattoo. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:E70-E72.
58.
La Placa M, Passarini B: Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus after a tattoo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:632-633.
59.
Jacobson S, Martin DB, Deng A, Cooper JZ: Pyoderma gangrenosum following tattoo placement in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. J Dermatolog Treat 2008;19:58-60.
60.
Jolly M: Discoid lupus erythematosus after tattoo: Koebner phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum 2005;53:627.
61.
Tendas A, Niscola P, Barbati R, Abruzzese E, Cuppelli L, Giovannini M, Scaramucci L, Fratoni S, Ales M, Neri B, Morino L, Dentamaro T, De Fabritiis P: Tattoo related pyoderma/ectyma gangrenous as presenting feature of relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia: an exceptionally rare observation. Injury 2011;42:546-547.
62.
Lehmann G, Pierchalla P: Tattooing dyes. Derm Beruf Umwelt 1988;36:152-156.
63.
Beute TC, Miller CH, Timko AL, Ross EV: In vitro spectral analysis of tattoo pigments. Dermatol Surg 2008;34:508-515; discussion 515-516.
64.
Hogsberg T, Loeschner K, Lof D, Serup J: Tattoo inks in general usage contain nanoparticles. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:1210-1218.
65.
Vasold R, Naarmann N, Ulrich H, Fischer D, Konig B, Landthaler M, Baumler W: Tattoo pigments are cleaved by laser light - the chemical analysis in vitro provide evidence for hazardous compounds. Photochem Photobiol 2004;80:185-190.
66.
de Geus HR, Giard RW, Jacobs FA, Lonnee ER, Dees A: Abnormalities in tattooed skin: sometimes sarcoidosis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005;149:1113-1117.
67.
Toulemonde A, Quereux G, Dreno B: Sarcoidosis granuloma on a tattoo induced by interferon alpha. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2004;131:49-51.
68.
Tran D, Ashton RE, Cotterill JA: Sarcoidosis presenting as tattoo granuloma inadvertently treated with laser therapy. J Cutan Laser Ther 2000;2:41-43.
69.
Nawras A, Alsolaiman MM, Mehboob S, Bartholomew C, Maliakkal B: Systemic sarcoidosis presenting as a granulomatous tattoo reaction secondary to interferon-alpha treatment for chronic hepatitis C and review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:1627-1631.
70.
Werchniak AE, Cheng SX, Dhar AD, Klaus SN: Sarcoidosis presenting as tattoo changes in a patient undergoing treatment with interferon-alpha and ribavirin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29:547-548.
71.
Antonovich DD, Callen JP: Development of sarcoidosis in cosmetic tattoos. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:869-872.
72.
Murdoch SR, Fenton DA: Sarcoidosis presenting as nodules in both tattoos and scars. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997;22:254-255.
73.
Yesudian PD, Azurdia RM: Scar sarcoidosis following tattooing of the lips treated with mepacrine. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29:552-554.
74.
Baumgartner M, Feldmann R, Breier F, Steiner A: Sarcoidal granulomas in a cosmetic tattoo in association with pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2010;8:900-902.
75.
Anolik R, Mandal R, Franks AG Jr: Sarcoidal tattoo granuloma. Dermatol Online J 2010;16:19.
76.
Yoong C, Vun YY, Spelman L, Muir J: True blue football fan: tattoo reaction confined to blue pigment. Australas J Dermatol 2010;51:21-22.
77.
Wollina U, Gruner M, Schonlebe J: Granulomatous tattoo reaction and erythema nodosum in a young woman: common cause or coincidence? J Cosmet Dermatol 2008;7:84-88.
78.
Barabasi Z, Kiss E, Balaton G, Vajo Z: Cutaneous granuloma and uveitis caused by a tattoo. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008;120:18.
79.
Bachmeyer C, Blum L, Petitjean B, Kemiche F, Pertuiset E: Granulomatous tattoo reaction in a patient treated with etanercept. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:550-552.
80.
Jones B, Oh C, Egan CA: Spontaneous resolution of a delayed granulomatous reaction to cosmetic tattoo. Int J Dermatol 2008;47:59-60.
81.
Wylie G, Gupta G: Lip-enhancing tattoo reaction resolving with topical tacrolimus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33:505-506.
82.
Tope WD, Arbiser JL, Duncan LM: Black tattoo reaction: the peacock's tale. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:477-479.
83.
Bagwan IN, Walker M, Theaker JM: Granuloma annulare-like tattoo reaction. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:804-805.
84.
Sweeney SA, Hicks LD, Ranallo N, Iv NS, Soldano AC: Perforating granulomatous dermatitis reaction to exogenous tattoo pigment: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 2011, Epub ahead of print.
85.
Campbell FA, Gupta G: Lichenoid tattoo reaction responding to topical tacrolimus ointment. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:293-294.
86.
Steinbrecher I, Hemmer W, Jarisch R: Adverse reaction to the azo dye pigment red 170 in a tattoo. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2004;2:1007-1008.
87.
Schulz J, Lonsdorf A, Jappe U, Hartschuh W: Disseminated granulomatous type IV reaction after a tattoo. Hautarzt 2008;59:567-570.
88.
Greve B, Chytry R, Raulin C: Contact dermatitis from red tattoo pigment (quinacridone) with secondary spread. Contact Dermatitis 2003;49:265-266.
89.
Bhardwaj SS, Brodell RT, Taylor JS: Red tattoo reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48:236-237.
90.
Pauluzzi P, Giordani M, Guarneri GF, Pascone M: Chronic eczematous reaction to red tattoo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998;11:187-188.
91.
Sowden JM, Byrne JP, Smith AG, Hiley C, Suarez V, Wagner B, Slater DN: Red tattoo reactions: X-ray microanalysis and patch-test studies. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:576-580.
92.
Tresukosol P, Ophaswongse S, Kullavanijaya P: Cutaneous reaction to cosmetic lip tattooing. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36:176-177.
93.
Zwad J, Jakob A, Gross C, Rompel R: Treatment modalities for allergic reactions in pigmented tattoos. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007;5:8-13.
94.
Yazdian-Tehrani H, Shibu MM, Carver NC: Reaction in a red tattoo in the absence of mercury. Br J Plast Surg 2001;54:555-556.
95.
Gallo R, Parodi A, Cozzani E, Guarrera M: Allergic reaction to India ink in a black tattoo. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38:346-347.
96.
Cruz FA, Lage D, Frigerio RM, Zaniboni MC, Arruda LH: Reactions to the different pigments in tattoos: a report of two cases. An Bras Dermatol 2010;85:708-711.
97.
Harper J, Losch AE, Otto SG, Zirwas M, Delaney KO, Wakelin JK 3rd: New insight into the pathophysiology of tattoo reactions following laser tattoo removal. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;126:313e-314e.
98.
Jacob SE, Castanedo-Tardan MP, Blyumin ML: Inflammation in green (chromium) tattoos during patch testing. Dermatitis 2008;19:E33-E34.
99.
Blumental G, Okun MR, Ponitch JA: Pseudolymphomatous reaction to tattoos. Report of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:485-488.
100.
Kahofer P, El Shabrawi-Caelen L, Horn M, Kern T, Smolle J: Pseudolymphoma occurring in a tattoo. Eur J Dermatol 2003;13:209-212.
101.
Cui W, McGregor DH, Stark SP, Ulusarac O, Mathur SC: Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia - an unusual reaction following tattoo: report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:743-745.
102.
Munoz C, Guilabert A, Mascaro JM Jr, Lopez-Lerma I, Vilaplana J: An embossed tattoo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:309-310.
103.
Rijlaarsdam JU, Bruynzeel DP, Vos W, Meijer CJ, Willemze R: Immunohistochemical studies of lymphadenosis benigna cutis occurring in a tattoo. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10:518-523.
104.
Kuo WE, Richwine EE, Sheehan DJ: Pseudolymphomatous and lichenoid reaction to a red tattoo: a case report. Cutis 2011;87:89-92.
105.
Kluger N, Vermeulen C, Moguelet P, Cotten H, Koeb MH, Balme B, Fusade T: Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (pseudolymphoma) in tattoos: a case series of seven patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24:208-213.
106.
Hessert MJ, Devlin J: Ink sick: tattoo ink hypersensitivity vasculitis. Am J Emerg Med 2011;29:1237.e3-1237.e4.
107.
Hermida MD, Otero M, Della Giovanna P, Garcia S, Cabrera HN: Cutaneous vasculitis following an intradermal tattoo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:1268-1269.
108.
Arun B, Jamieson L, Mendonca C: An unusual presentation of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in a tattoo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:441.
109.
Kluger N, Mathelier-Fusade P, Moguelet P: Scleroderma-like reaction restricted to the red parts of a tattoo. Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:95-96.
110.
Kluger N, Jolly M, Guillot B: Tattoo-induced vasculitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:643-644; author reply 644-645.
111.
Kluger N: Tattoo-induced vasculitis: is it really the ink? Am J Emerg Med 2011;29:347.
112.
Jolly M, Danila MI: Tattoo: inflicted vasculitis? J Clin Rheumatol 2007;13:49.
113.
Trefzer U, Schmollack KP, Stockfleth E, Sterry W, Kolde G: Verrucae in a multicolored decorative tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:478-479.
114.
Saez M, Rodriguez-Martin M, Sidro-Sarto M, Cabrera de Paz R, Rodriguez-Garcia F, Fagundo-Gonzalez E, Carnerero A, Guimera F, Garcia-Bustinduy M, Sanchez R, Martin Herrera A, Noda A: Multiple verrucae vulgaris in a young woman's tattoo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:356-357.
115.
Miller DM, Brodell RT: Verruca restricted to the areas of black dye within a tattoo. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1453-1454.
116.
Ragland H, Hubbell C, Stewart K, Nesbitt L: Verruca vulgaris inoculated during tattoo placement. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:796-797.
117.
Perez Gala S, Alonso Perez A, Rios Buceta L, Aragues Montanes M, Garcia Diez A: Molluscum contagiosum on a multicoloured tattoo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:221-222.
118.
Kluger N, Comte C, Guillot B: Molluscum contagiosum on a tattoo. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007;134:506-507.
119.
Salmaso F, Gnecchi L, Gianotti R, Veraldi S: Molluscum contagiosum on a tattoo. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:146-147.
120.
Marshall CS, Murphy F, McCarthy SE, Cheng AC: Herpes compunctorum: cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection complicating tattooing. Med J Aust 2007;187:598.
121.
Post JJ, Dolan KA, Whybin LR, Carter IW, Haber PS, Lloyd AR: Acute hepatitis C virus infection in an Australian prison inmate: tattooing as a possible transmission route. Med J Aust 2001;174:183-184.
122.
Abildgaard N, Peterslund NA: Hepatitis C virus transmitted by tattooing needle. Lancet 1991;338:460.
123.
Sun DX, Zhang FG, Geng YQ, Xi DS: Hepatitis C transmission by cosmetic tattooing in women. Lancet 1996;347:541.
124.
Thompson SC, Hernberger F, Wale E, Crofts N: Hepatitis C transmission through tattooing: a case report. Aust N Z J Public Health 1996;20:317-318.
125.
Franz R: Tattooing a major route of hepatitis C infection. Dermatol Nurs 2001;13:307-308.
126.
Haley RW, Fischer RP: Commercial tattooing as a potentially important source of hepatitis C infection. Clinical epidemiology of 626 consecutive patients unaware of their hepatitis C serologic status. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001;80:134-151.
127.
Ghorpade A: Lupus vulgaris over a tattoo mark - inoculation tuberculosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17:569-571.
128.
Ghorpade A: Tattoo inoculation lupus vulgaris in two Indian ladies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:476-477.
129.
Wong HW, Tay YK, Sim CS: Papular eruption on a tattoo: a case of primary inoculation tuberculosis. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46:84-87.
130.
Ghorpade A: Inoculation (tattoo) leprosy: a report of 31 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16:494-499.
131.
Ghorpade A: Reactional tattoo inoculation borderline tuberculoid leprosy with oedematous tattoos. Lepr Rev 2004;75:91-94.
132.
Ghorpade A: Ornamental tattoos and skin lesions. Tattoo inoculation borderline tuberculoid leprosy. Int J Dermatol 2009;48:11-13.
133.
De Quatrebarbes J, Pestel-Caron M, Duval-Modeste AB, Abboud P, Etienne M, Caron F, Joly P: Epidémie à Mycobacterium chelonae chez un tatoueur. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2005;132:224-225.
134.
Drage LA, Ecker PM, Orenstein R, Phillips PK, Edson RS: An outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infections in tattoos. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62:501-506.
135.
Wolf R, Wolf D: A tattooed butterfly as a vector of atypical mycobacteria. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:S73-S74.
136.
Preda VA, Maley M, Sullivan JR: Mycobacterium chelonae infection in a tattoo site. Med J Aust 2009;190:278-279.
137.
Bechara C, Macheras E, Heym B, Pages A, Auffret N: Mycobacterium abscessus skin infection after tattooing: first case report and review of the literature. Dermatology 2010;221:1-4.
138.
Kappel S, Cotliar J: Inoculation of Mycobacteria chelonae from a tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:998-999.
139.
Mitchell CB, Isenstein A, Burkhart CN, Groben P, Morrell DS: Infection with Mycobacterium immunogenum following a tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:e70-e71.
140.
Ricciardo B, Weedon D, Butler G: Mycobacterium abscessus infection complicating a professional tattoo. Australas J Dermatol 2010;51:287-289.
141.
Hamsch C, Hartschuh W, Enk A, Flux K: A Chinese tattoo paint as a vector of atypical mycobacteria-outbreak in 7 patients in Germany. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:63-64.
142.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among tattoo recipients - Ohio, Kentucky, and Vermont, 2004-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:677-679.
143.
Stemper ME, Brady JM, Qutaishat SS, Borlaug G, Reed J, Reed KD, Shukla SK: Shift in Staphylococcus aureus clone linked to an infected tattoo. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1444-1446.
144.
Cowan RK, Martens MG: Toxic shock syndrome mimicking pelvic inflammatory disease presumably resulting from tattoo. South Med J 1993;86:1427-1431.
145.
Bhogal RH, Thomas SS: Necrotizing black tattoo reaction: what's in a name? Am J Clin Dermatol 2009;10:131-133.
146.
Chowfin A, Potti A, Paul A, Carson P: Spinal epidural abscess after tattooing. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:225-226.
147.
Satchithananda DK, Walsh J, Schofield PM: Bacterial endocarditis following repeated tattooing. Heart 2001;85:11-12.
148.
Tse D, Khan S, Clarke S: Bacterial endocarditis complicating body art. Int J Cardiol 2009;133:e28-e29.
149.
Korman TM, Grayson ML, Turnidge JD: Polymicrobial septicaemia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes following traditional tattooing. J Infect 1997;35:203.
150.
Colebunders R, Depraetere K, Verstraeten T, Lambert J, Hauben E, Van Marck E, Maurer T, Banuls AL, Dujardin JC: Unusual cutaneous lesions in two patients with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:847-850.
151.
Paradisi A, Capizzi R, De Simone C, Fossati B, Proietti I, Amerio PL: Malignant melanoma in a tattoo: case report and review of the literature. Melanoma Res 2006;16:375-376.
152.
Stinco G, De Francesco V, Frattasio A, Quinkenstein E, Patrone P: Malignant melanoma in a tattoo. Dermatology 2003;206:345-346.
153.
Soroush V, Gurevitch AW, Peng SK: Malignant melanoma in a tattoo: case report and review of the literature. Cutis 1997;59:111-112.
154.
Kircik L, Armus S, van den Broek H: Malignant melanoma in a tattoo. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:297-298.
155.
Singh RS, Hafeez Diwan A, Prieto VG: Potential diagnostic pitfalls in melanoma arising in a cutaneous tattoo. Histopathology 2007;51:283-285.
156.
Khan IU, Moiemen NS, Firth J, Frame JD: Malignant melanoma disguised by a tattoo. Br J Plast Surg 1999;52:598.
157.
Shariff Z, Tehrani H, Jagadeesan J, Hardwicke J: Artwork: to be studied. Dermatol Online J 2006;12:21.
158.
Varga E, Korom I, Varga J, Kohán J, Kemény L, Oláh J: Melanoma and melanocytic nevi in decorative tattoos: three case reports. J Cutan Pathol 2011;38:994-998.
159.
Doumat F, Kaise W, Barbaud A, Schmutz JL: Basal cell carcinoma in a tattoo. Dermatology 2004;208:181-182.
160.
Birnie AJ, Kulkarni K, Varma S: Basal cell carcinoma arising in a tattoo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:820-821.
161.
Kluger N, Phan A, Debarbieux S, Balme B, Thomas L: Skin cancers arising in tattoos: coincidental or not? Dermatology 2008;217:219-221.
162.
Omidian M, Emad-Mostofi N: Basal cell carcinoma arising from traditional tattoo. Arch Iran Med 2009;12:198.
163.
Ortiz A, Yamauchi PS: Rapidly growing squamous cell carcinoma from permanent makeup tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:1073-1074.
164.
Pitarch G, Martinez-Menchon T, Martinez-Aparicio A, Sanchez-Carazo JL, Munoz D, Fortea JM: Squamous cell carcinoma over tattoos. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:1072-1073.
165.
Goldenberg G, Patel S, Patel MJ, Williford P, Sangueza O: Eruptive squamous cell carcinomas, keratoacanthoma type, arising in a multicolor tattoo. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:62-64.
166.
Kluger N, Minier-Thoumin C, Plantier F: Keratoacanthoma occurring within the red dye of a tattoo. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:504-507.
167.
Chorny JA, Stephens FV, Cohen JL: Eruptive keratoacanthomas in a new tattoo. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:1457-1458.
168.
Fraga GR, Prossick TA: Tattoo-associated keratoacanthomas: a series of 8 patients with 11 keratoacanthomas. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37:85-90.
169.
Baker PA, O'Dowd GJ, Khan IU: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans arising in a decorative tattoo. Sarcoma 2005;9:37-41.
170.
West CC, Morritt AN, Pedelty L, Lam DG: Cutaneous leiomyosarcoma arising in a tattoo - ‘a tumour with no humour'. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:e79-e80.
171.
Persechino S, Caperchi C, Bartolazzi A: Melanoma mimicry on a tattoo: an autograft hypothesis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:S122-S123.
172.
Reddy KK, Hanke CW, Tierney EP: Malignancy arising within cutaneous tattoos: case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and review of literature. J Drugs Dermatol 2011;10:837-842.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.