... of a “gut-brain axis” and the impact of an alteration of gut microbiota composition in brain diseases. Recent research has highlighted how gut microbiota could affect brain development and behavior. Many factors in early life such as the mode of delivery or preterm birth could lead to disturbance...

...R. Ann Sheldon; Christine Windsor; Fuxin Lu; Nicholas R. Stewart; Xiangning Jiang; Donna M. Ferriero The developing brain is uniquely susceptible to oxidative stress, and endogenous antioxidant mechanisms are not sufficient to prevent injury from a hypoxic-ischemic challenge. Glutathione peroxidase...

...Oluwaseun Mustapha; Oluwaseun Ezekiel; Francis Olaolorun; Michael Awala-Ajakaiye; Eniola Popoola; Matthew Olude; James Olopade Developmental mode along the altricial-precocial spectrum is well known to be influenced by brain development and maturation. The greater cane rat (GCR) is an indigenous...

...Muqing Cao; Anders Brunse; Thomas Thymann; Per Torp Sangild Background: Preterm birth is associated with impaired brain functions, but it is unknown whether fetal growth restriction (GR) makes these deficits worse. Using piglets as a model for preterm infants, we hypothesized that moderate GR...

.... The ferret is an attractive model species as it has a gyrified brain with a white-to-gray matter ratio similar to that in the human brain. A model of encephalopathy of prematurity was developed in postnatal day 10 (P10) ferret kits, considered to be developmentally equivalent to infants of 24–26 weeks...

... and the brain maturation stage is important in determining its function in brain ischemia or hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In this study, we used neuron-specific HIF1α knockout mice at postnatal day 9 (P9), and immature cortical neurons (days 7–8 in vitro) treated with the HIF1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2...

...Travis C. Jackson; Shawn E. Kotermanski; Patrick M. Kochanek Neuroprotective cold-shock proteins (CSPs) are abundant in the normothermic neonatal rodent brain but decrease with advancing neurodevelopmental age and are low or absent in the adult brain. It has not been established...

... and inflammatory response-related genes. NFAT5 was initially identified in renal medullary cells where it regulated the expression of osmoprotective-related genes during the osmotic response. Many studies have demonstrated that NFAT5 is highly expressed in the nuclei of neurons in fetal and adult brains...

...Xiaodi Chen; Aparna Patra; Grazyna B. Sadowska; Barbara S. Stonestreet Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental morbidities in preterm and full-term infants. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction represents an important component of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury...

... Membrane Nutrition Trace element Lipid Brain Phospholipids were determined according to the method of McClare [ 24 ]. The organic phosphorus of phospholipids was converted to inorganic phosphorus by digesting with perchloric acid. Perchloric acid was added to the lipid extract and was digested...

...Guo Shao; Yongqiang Wang; Shenheng Guan; Alma L. Burlingame; Fuxin Lu; Renatta Knox; Donna M. Ferriero; Xiangning Jiang Proteomics of the synapses and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) have provided a deep understanding of protein composition and signal networks in the adult brain, which underlie...

... to the cerebral hemispheric volume. During infancy (0-24 months), however, the mean female splenial ratio (length/height) of 0.79 was greater than the male ratio of 0.65 ( p = 0.024). The cerebral hemispheric length/height ratio was also greater in females, indicating that during infancy the female brain (and its...

...Armin Yazdani; Zehra Khoja; Aaron Johnstone; Laura Dale; Emmanouil Rampakakis; Pia Wintermark Term asphyxiated newborns remain at risk of developing brain injury despite available neuropreventive therapies such as hypothermia. Neurorestorative treatments may be an alternative. This study...

...Renatta Knox; Xiangning Jiang The Src family kinases (SFKs) are nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases that are implicated in many normal and pathological processes in the nervous system. The SFKs Fyn, Src, Yes, Lyn, and Lck are expressed in the brain. This review will focus on Fyn, as Fyn mutant...

... preconditioning effect. The fetal brains were perfusion fixed with 10% phosphate-buffered formalin. Slices (10 µm thick) were cut using a microtome (Leica Jung RM2035, Solms, Germany), starting at the level where the dorsal hippocampus became apparent. Two slides per animal per stain were assessed...

... and elimination of aberrant neuronal connections in the developing brain; however, the role of FMRP in PCD is unknown. The aim of this work was to assess the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in the developing brain of Fmr1 mutants. To accomplish this, we evaluated two different Fmr1 mutant strains of 10-day-old male...

...Matthew S. Conrad; Ryan N. Dilger; Rodney W. Johnson An animal model with brain growth similar to humans, that can be used in MRI studies to investigate brain development, would be valuable. Our laboratory has developed and validated MRI methods for regional brain volume quantification...

...L. Rönnbäck; M. Rubin; H. Parnes Nervous tissue-specific S-100 protein was quantified immunologically in maturing cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of guinea pigs during prenatal development. It was found to accumulate in its membrane-bound (pentanol-extractable) form concomitant...

...Y. Nomura; T. Schmidt-Glenewinkel; E. Giacobini We have demonstrated for the first time in vitro formation of cadaverine and pipecolid acid from L -lysine in (a) chick embryos and chick embryo heads at 3–7 days of incubation (d.i.) and 5–7 d.i., respectively; (b) brain of chick embryos from 11 d.i...

...Nicholas W. Seeds; Susan C. Haffke The morphological development of reaggregated embryonic mouse brain cells was followed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Initially, the reaggregated cells are loosely packed and lack specialized cell junctions; however, after 2–4 days puncta...